MARYLAND STATE BOARD OF FORESTRY 



W. BULLOCK CLARK, F. W. BESLET, 

Executive Officer. State Forester. 



THE FORESTS OF 
* MARYLAND * 

B Y 

F. W. BESLEY, STATE FORESTER 




BALTIMORE, MARYLAND 
December, 1916 




PRESS OF 
The ADVERTISER-REPTJBLICAlf, 

ANNAPOLISj MD. 



D. of D. 

SEP 27 1917 



STATE FORESTER'S OFFICE 
Baltimore, Maryland. 



Staff. 

F. "W. Besley - - State Forester 

J. G. DoRRANCE Assistant Forester 

E. R. Ford Assistant Forester 

K. E. Pfeiffer - - - - - - - - Assistant Forester 

Dorothy C. Fraser --------- Secretary 

Marie H. Eraser ---------- Clerk 



CONTENTS 



Page 



Introduction ' " 

The Forests of Maryland 10 

Extent and Importance of Forests 11 

Early Forest History 11 

Present Forest Conditions — Destinictive Agencies 13 

Injudicious Cutting 14 

Fires 14 

Grazing 

Tree Diseases 18 

Insect Injuries 18 

Fungous Diseases 19 

Important Timber Trees 20 

Native Forest Trees of JMaryland — list 20 

The Land Area of Maryland — table 24 

Principal Uses of the Forest 25 

Lumber 25 

Pulpwood 25 

Kailroad Ties 26 

Piling 26 

Cordwood 26 

Mine Props 26 

Tan Bark 27 

Staves and Headings 27 

Poles..- 28 

Shingles 28 

Lath 28 

Mine Ties 28 

Posts 28 

Export Logs 28 

Pinwood 29 

Special Uses of the Forest 29 

Willow Production, with Map 29 

Maple Sirup and Sugar 29 

Charcoal 30 

The Wood-Using Industries of Maryland 30 



CONTENTS — CONTINUED 

Page 

Transportation, Markets, and General • Conditions -in the Lumber- 
ing and Wood-Manufacturing Industries of Maryland 34 

Transportation — Waterways 34 

Railroads and Highways 35 

Markets 35 

Forest Planting 36 

State Forest Reserves 37 

Municipal Forests — Baltimore 39 

Frederick 39 

The State's Forest Areas — table ' . . .' 41 

The Forests of Maryland — by counties 42 

Forest Description ; Table — summary of the lumber and 
timber cut, by products ; Table — • wooded area, stand 
and value of saw timber, by election districts ; Map of 
the county's forest areas, by commercial types. 

Allegany County ^ 42 

Anne Arundel County 47 

Baltimore County 51 

Calvert County 55 

Caroline County 59 

Carroll County 63 

Cecil County 67 

Charles County 71 

Dorchester County 75 

Frederick County 79 

Garrett County 83 

Harford County 87 

Howard County 91 

Kent County 95 

]\Iontgomery County 99 

Prince George's County 103 

Queen Anne's County 107 

St. Mary's County ' Ill 

Somerset County . 115 

Talbot County 119 

Washington County 123 

Wicomico County . 127 

Worcester County 131 

Wooded Area, Stand, and Value of Saw Timber in Maryland, by 

Counties — table 134 

Summary- of the 1914 Lumber and Timber Production of Mary- 
land, by Counties — table 135 



CONTENTS — CONTINUED 

Page 

Summary of the 1914 Lumber and Timber Productiou of Mary- 
land, with By-Products, in Order of Relative Importance — 



table 135 

Forest Laws of Marjdand 137 

General Forestry 137 

Roadside Tree Law 142 

Patapseo Reserve 145 



Topical Index 147 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 



I. Frontispiece — Swallow Falls 

II. Fig'. 1 — Original Growth of Hemlock 12 

Fig. 2 — Virgin Forest of Beech and Sugar Maple 12 

III. Fig. 1 — Fire Spreading Through a Hardwood Forest 16 

Fig. 2 — Examples of Forest Protection and Forest De- 
struction 16 

IV. Fig. 1 — Fire Protection on Mountain Land 20 

V. Fig. 1 — Destruction of Chestnut by the Blight . 24 

Fig. 2 — A Culled Forest, with Logging AVaste, in Southern 

Maryland 24 

VI. Fig. 1 — The Pastured Woodlot 30 

Fig. 2 — The Protected Woodlot 30 

VII. Fig. 1 — A Portable Mill 38 

Fig. 2 — A Band Mill 38 

VIII. Fig. 1 — The Forested Watershed 42 

Fig. 2 — From a Deforested Watershed 42 

IX. Fig. 1 — Keg Staves from Chestnut 52 

Fig. 2 — Red Oak for Chair Stock 52 

X. Fig. 1 — Loading Mine Props 60 

Fig. 2 — High-Grade Maryland Poplar 60 

XI. Fig. 1 — The Fresh- Water Swamp 76 

Fig. 2 — The Salt Marsh 76 

XII. Fig. 1 — The Typical Mountain Forest 84 

Fig. 2 — From the Fire Tower — Meadow Mountain 84 

XIII. Fig. 1 — The Planted Forest 96 

Fig. 2 — The Natural Forest 96 

XIV. Fig. 1 — Eroded Lands in Southern Maryland 104 

Fig. 2 — The State Forest Nursery 104 

XV. Fig. 1 — Logging in Southern Maryland 116 

Fig. 2 — Pulpwood for Shipment 116 

XVL Fig. 1 — Loblolly Pine 128 

Fig. 2 — Cypress, and the Cypress Swamp 128 



THE, FORE,5T5 o/ MARYLAND 



INTRODUCTION. 

The Maryland State Board op Forestry was created in 1906 by 
special legislative Act. Its first, and tlien most important, task was 
to accurately ascertain the forest conditions and forest needs of 
Maryland. 

To this end a Forest Survey of counties was begun in 1907, though 
with the limited funds at the disposal of the Board it required until 
the suminer of 1914 for its completion. The Survey gave an accurate 
and complete inventory of the forest resources and furnished a large 
amount of additional data from which this Report has in large part 
been ju'epared. The county forest maps — a separate one for each 
county showing the character and extent of forest areas, with the 
aiDproximate stand of timber ■ — are each found with the descriptions 
of the respective counties. The original maps, on a scale of one mile to 
the inch, are reduced to a scale of three miles to the inch for this 
publication, but in the case of Allegany, Anne Arundel, Baltimore, 
Frederick, Garrett, Kent, Prince George's, Washington, and Worces- 
ter counties maps on the larger scale have already been published. 

It is the purpose of this Report to show in condensed form and 
orderly manner our present forest resources, their value to the people 
of the State, and how these resources may best be conserved by wise 
use, not only to supply present needs but to anticipate the needs of 
the futui'e. The methods used in making the Forest Survey, with 
material secured, and manner of its presentation, have all been 
developed along original lines to supply as far as practicable informa- 
tion likely to be of greatest value to the .various users of the forest. 

The forest owner, whether he has but a ten-acre Avoodlot or 
possesses thousands of acres of forest land, wants to know how to 
handle his land for timber production, what products are the most 
valuable and how he can best protect, harvest, and market liis timber 
crop. The timber buyer wants to know where he can find timber of 
suitable kind advantageously located. An examination of the various 
county forest maps will show him Avhere the Avoodlands are located, 
their kinds, and indicate the stand of timber supplemented by the 
forest descriptions of each county. The wood user or manufacturer 
wants to know of sources of siipply to help maintain his business or 



10 



The Forests of Maryland. 



industry. Here again the forest maps, supplemented by the sum- 
mary of timber products for each county, should serve to indicate local 
production. For the statistician and student of economy much wiU be 
found of value. And finally, every one interested in the natural re- 
sources of Maryland will find in the descriptions, maps, and tables 
accurate information concerning them. 

All these should find in this Report upon The Forests op Mary- 
land, with its supplement of county maps and county timber data, 
location of woodlands, their kinds, amounts, and range of forest 
products, an answer to their questions, assistance in the solution of 
local forest problems, and an incentive to a study of the forests. In 
their value of natural products the forest resources of Maryland rank 
second only to agriculture. It is intended that this Report should be a 
hand-book of Maryland's forests, supplying information which has 
heretofore been inaccessible regarding these great natural resources of 
the State. 

THE FORESTS OF MARYLAND. 

Maryland occupies a central position on the Atlantic Seaboard, and 
with its exceptional inland waterwaj^s possesses a location of great 
advantage in a commercial sense. Its natural resources of soil, mine, 
forest and water all contribute to its supremacy. There is probably no 
State in the Union which, on an equal area, has such a diversity of 
products and conditions. In land area Maryland ranks forty-first, and 
twenty-seventli in population among the continental United States. 

Traversing the extreme length of the State from southeast to 
northwest, a distance of 262 miles, there come the flat, sandy land of 
tidewater and mild climate ; the rolling hills and varied topogi'aphy of 
the central part; and finally the mountains and rugged conditions of 
the westernmost section, where the extreme elevation of 3300 feet above 
sea level is attained, and a vigorous climate like that of the north pre- 
vails. As the topography va:fies, so do the soils and products — from 
the peanuts, figs and sweet potatoes of the south to the buckwheat and 
maple sugar of the north and west. Likewise do the tree species 
change — from the cypress, white cedar, loblolly pine and red gum 
characteristic of the south, to the spruce, white pine, yellow birch and 
sugar maple typical of the north. "While practically all of the oaks 
and hickories found in the eastern United States, with numerous other 
important species, occur between. 

The soils over the southeastern third of the State, comprising the 
Coastal Plain Division, present all grades of sands and sandj^ loam to 
silt loam soils, all resulting from sea deposits. The Central or Pied- 



Extent And Importance op Forests. 



11 



raout section, in which the soils are derived from granite rock, princi- 
pally consist of loams and clays with rock fragments and gravel, while 
the mountain soils of the western section contain a predominance of 
sandy or stony loam soils in the Blue Ridge section, a larger propor- 
tion of clay and clay loam in the Alleganies. Existent differences in 
soils, topography and elevation account for the great diversity of 
products and conditions prevailing in the State of Maryland. 

The total area of the State is 12,210 square miles, of which 2,319 
square miles are water. The extreme breadth from north to south near 
the eastern shore of the Chesapeake is 128 miles, while it is only about 
2 miles aci-oss near Hancock. The land area, comprising 6,330,039 
acreSj 9,891 square miles, consists of 2,228,046 acres of woodland, 
representing 35 per cent; 3,222,982 acres of improved farm land, 51 
per cent; 674,955 acres of waste lands, 11 per cent; and 204,056 acres 
of salt marsh land, 3 per cent. This is later shown by counties and in 
more detail. 

EXTENT AND IMPORTANCE OF FORESTS. 
The forests of the State are generally distributed, although the 
mountain counties have the largest percentage, the southern and east- 
ern shore counties rank next, and the central counties last. Maryland 
has been settled so long that the land has in the main been assigned to 
its most profitable uses, and hence the mountain section, containing 
a large per cent of high, rocky lands unfit for anything but forestry 
or grazing, has to a large extent remained under a forest cover. Like- 
wise the lands in sovithern Maryland, located along hillsides or slopes 
of ravines where soil erosion is excessive under cleared conditions, 
have either remained in woodland or, if cleared, have been allowed to 
grow up again in forest. The large wooded areas on the eastern shore 
peninsula are accounted for by the large percentage of swamp land 
which cannot be cultivated, but which will generally support a satis- 
factory growth of forest. In the central and north-central portions of 
the State, where the land is well-drained and fertile, there is the 
largest percentage under cultivation, the forest being confined chiefly 
to rocky ridges and hillsides, and along the streams. The wooded area 
here is therefore circumscribed, and there is not likely to be a marked 
change in its relationship. It is true that in some sections clearing is 
going on rapidly, but in others there are abandoned fields growing up 
in forest, so that one very nearly offsets the other, and the total re- 
mains about the same. 

EARLY FOREST HISTORY. 
When the first settlers came to Maryland some 275 years ago, 
forest covered the entire land area of the State with the exception of 



12 



The Forests op Maryland. 



marshy areas which at that time probably comprised not over 5 per 
cent. These forests were very different from those that now exist. 
The species of trees represented then were much the same as now, but 
their relative proportion has changed materially. The original forests 
were nearly all of the hardwood type ; now there is a large proportion 
of pine, especially in sections where land once cleared has been allowed 
to grow up again in forest. 

With the first settlers came fires, which during nearly three 
centuries have destroyed much more timber than has been used. Fire 
was an aid to the settler in clearing his land, and timber, having no 
value at that period, was destroyed in the most effective way. The 
important thing was to get rid of the forest and make way for the 
growing of agricultural crops. The timber in the original forest was 
better and the stands heavier than now exist, and of these virgin for- 
ests there now remain but a very few tracts which probably comprise 
much less than one per cent of the total forest area. The extent of the 
original forests and the need of clearing them away as quickly as possi- 
ble for the growing of food crops inculcated in the minds of those early 
settlers an enmity for the forest which through the successive genera- 
tions has not been entirely ei'adicated. The frontiersman's spirit of 
cutting down and destro.ying timber is a spirit which expressed itself 
unconsciously in many ways. To him the forest stood between him and 
the opportunity of getting a living from the soil, and besides had often 
harbored unfriendly Indians and predatory animals. The spirit of 
forest destruction was fostered by economic conditions of the time, and 
while those conditions have entirely changed in tlie succeeding years, 
a spirit of antagonism to the forest still exists in many ways. 

In making clearings it was common practice then to girdle the 
trees as the easiest method of preparing the ground for crops. With 
the extension of the clearings to include all the best land, timber be- 
came less abundant, while the use of it greatly increased. Tlie increase 
in population called for large quantities of timber in l)uilding log 
houses and in constructing rail fences. This, though, had little effect 
upon the supply, since the timber taken from the clearings more than 
supplied the need. AVith the Iniilding of towns and cities there was a 
greater demand upon the forest, and this gradually developed into a 
stable market requiring timber beyond local needs. It was no longer 
taking the timber as an incident to the clearing of land, for it was at 
this time that forest exploitation actually began. Timber, however, 
was so abundant and cheap that only the best portions of the choicest 
ti-ees were utilized. The problem of transporting the timber over poor 
roads made it cost nearly as much to get it out as it was worth, and 
stumpage values then were almost negligible. 




PLATE II. FIG. 2.— VIRGIN FOREST OF BEECH AND SUGAR MAPLE. 



The still magnificent first-growtli forests that once covered in excess of 90 per cent of Maryland now 
represent less than 1 per cent of its total forest cover. 



Present Forest Conditions. 



The first sawmills consisted of a. straight saw opcM'atcd by water 
power, and working in np-and-down fashion : their (•ai)acit\' uikIit the 
most favoralile conditions was less than 1.000 l)oard fi'ct piM- da\-. 
These were tlii' days when the hewing of tind)cr for framing and othci- 
eonstruetion purposes was an art universally praeticcd. Slungh's were 
made by splitting the pieces fi'om clear, straight-grained logs of [iropcr 
length, to be shai)ed down to the proper thinness l)y hand tools. There 
are a few of the old-fashioned up-and-down mills, with saws (i[)i'ratcd 
by water power, still in existence in this State. Their cut ol' timber, 
however, is inconsiderable, and they are now curiosities in tlie Inmlx-r 
business. 

The introduction of circular saws, oi)erated by steam ])ower. was 
a great advance over the water mills, since their capacity was so much 
greater. This was really the beginning of the lumlier business, as 
the small up-and-down sawnulls could do little mon' tiian su])])ly the 
local demand, and that in a viuy unsatisfactory way. As improve- 
ments wei'e made in sawnull machinery, its effectiveness in cutting thi' 
forest was very much increase(l. The small, low-capacity mills gave 
way to the lai'ge, high-powered ones, which c(ndd do as much in one 
day as the lirst mills in sevei'al months. Indeed, sawmills and logging 
machinery have I)een moi'e highly developed in the T'nited States 
than anywhere else in the world, and this is due to the large amount of 
tind)er available. Under the highly develoi)ed system of lumbering it 
did not take a gi'eat many x'eai's to make serious inroads on the forest : 
with the iutrodu(dioii and extension of I'ailroad facilities, distant mar- 
kets WH're opened : and there was no limit to the amount of tind)er that 
coidd be dis|iosed of. The forests that wer(^ first cut over to remove the 
choicest material were visited again an<l again, each time taking a 
lowei' gi'ade of produi-t. it was only in the inaccessible places that 
any amount of timber was left. 

This was a legitimate business, and carried out tlie uinversal law 
of supply and demand. Young growth had no mai'ket value, and 
therefore I'eceived no consideration. It has only been in the last 
twenty yeai's that any attention has lieen given to the pi'actical appli- 
cation of Foi'cstry. and that in a linnted way. 

PRESENT FOREST CONDITIONS. 

I)( sh-iictirc A(i( ncics: The present condition of the forests is the 
result of a nuudier of causes working independently and collectively. 
The forest areas themselves have become fairly fixed, so that no great 
changes are likely to occur in the future, while the limiting of the for- 
est areas has in the ]>ast gone through a process of evolution. Like- 
wise, the character of the forest has been changed to such an extent 



14 



The Forests op Maryland. 



as in most cases to bear little resemblance to its original condition. 
This alteration has been brought about chiefly through four agencies — . 
injudicious cutting, fires, grazing, and tree diseases. All are suscepti 
ble of prevention or control. 

In judicious Gutting: For generations a process of culling the 
forests for the best material in them has been going on without inter- 
ruption, the only forests that have escaped this destructive influence 
being those which were so inaccessible as to render lumbering them 
unprofitable at the time. The forests have not only been culled once, 
but some of them four or five times, and each culling has left them in 
worse condition than before. At first only the choicest material was 
removed and an abundant forest cover left, but with each culling the 
forests have constantly deteriorated, until in many cases the ground 
is encumbered with inferior species and worthless material that 
effectively prevent a more valuable growth. To restore normal condi- 
tions the process must be reversed. That is, instead of taking out the 
most valuable trees, the inferior species should be removed first, and 
the former left to reproduce the forest. 

There has also been a large amount of unnecessary waste in the 
removal of timber. Not only has an immense quantity of young 
growth been unnecessarily destroyed, due to careless methods, but a 
study of the subject has shown that about half of the usable part of 
the tree is either left in the woods or wasted in sawing. Not only is 
there a large amount of unnecessary waste, which improved methods 
would find it profitable to use, but this large amount of debris left in 
the woods adds immeasurably to the fire risk. Records show that 
forest fires almost invariably follow lumbering operations. 

Fires: The forest fire damage in Maryland for the past five years, 
from State information, is as follows : 



Year. Amount of Damage. 

1911 $225,801 

1912 48,212 

1913 42,443 

1914 129,844 

1915... 108,966 



Even this, however, is not the full measure of damage, since the 
estimate includes only the timber and trees destroyed, and none of 
the incidental losses that often amount to more than that. The fire 
damage has been greatest in the mountain sections, where there are 
large continuous areas of woodland which become exceedingly dry 
during certain seasons of the year. This mountain land is rough and 



Fires. 



15 



fires are difificult of control, as a fire starting at one end of a mountain 
is likely to extend throughout the whole length unless control measures 
are adopted with reasonable promptness. The State's system of for- 
est fire protection, through the Forest Wardens, has accomplished 
much in reducing the annual fire damage, and in this respect allow- 
ance should be made in the above figures, because five years ago a 
large number of the fires that occurred were not reported, while now 
there are very few that are not attended and reported by a Forest 
Warden. 

In the central pai*t of the State where most of the woodland is in 
small tracts, with a large percentage of cleared land, the fires are not 
nearly so destructive. They are not as extensive in the first place, be- 
cause of limited wooded areas, and the forests are looked after more 
closely because of their relatively higher value and the greater num- 
ber of people available for fire fighting. In southern Maryland much 
damage is done during exceptionally dry seasons, particularly in the 
spring when brush burning is coramonly practiced, but the climate is 
more humid and there is more moisture in the soil, both of which have 
a tendency to reduce fire damage. Fires are less frequent on the east- 
ern shore peninsula than in any other section of the State, due to 
greater humidity and more soil moisture, for much of the land surface 
there is less than 20 feet above sea level. 

The damage caused by forest firee is not fully appreciated. This is 
one reason why so many are allowed to occur, and that many which do 
occur are given little attention by property owners. Not only do fires 
damage fences and merchantable timber, whose value is more clearly 
recognized, but fires also destroy on the ground the seed which nature 
has provided for the perpetuation of the forest. The accumulated leaf 
litter and partly decomposed organic matter, so important in conserv- 
ing soil moisture and adding fertility to the soil, are completely 
destroyed, the ground becoming dry and hard. The small seedlings 
are consumed, and where the fire is not intense enough to quickly 
destroy the young growth the bark is burned through on one side, 
exposing the living wood to decay. The tree may continue to grow, 
but the decay also increases, stunting its growth and reducing its tim- 
ber value to a great extent, frequently to the point of making it practi- 
cally worthless. It is these fire-scars on the young trees and also on 
older ones which produce the decay ultimately resulting in hollowed 
trees and many other defects. 

A woodland that is repeatedly burned over by fires constantly 
deteriorates in quality, and the production is greatly reduced or ceases 
entirely. Fire protection is the first requisite for improved conditions 
in woodlots; without it there can be no permanent improvement. 



16 



The Forests op Maryland. 



Since, however, 90 per cent of the forest fires are the result of care- 
lessness, the sitiiation will improve as rapidly as people are educated 
to the nature and extent of damage caused by forest fires. 

The actual State protective organization consists of 148 Forest 
Wardens (1916) working under the direction of the State Forester. 
Of these Wardens, 17 are Patrolmen, and 3 are Watchmen at Fire 
Lookout Stations. The Forest Wardens receive no salarj^, but are paid 
for services rendered. They are all men who are interested in fire pro- 
tection, and who in tliis way are giving the State a most valuable serv- 
ice in a conscientious, disinterested way, and with small compensation. 
The effectiveness of their work is attested by the number of fires at- 
tended and extinguished and the decreasing areas burned during the 
past two years. The system of fire protection now in opei'ation in 
Maryland is as effective as it is possible to make it without increased 
appropriations. 

Forest Patrolmen are Forest Wardens who are detailed for patrol 
work during the seasons of greatest fire danger, which occur in the 
spring and fall. On days Avhen the fire danger is greatest these men, 
usually mounted, are constantly on patrol duty, covering all parts of 
their districts and paying particular attention to those sections where 
fires are most likely to occur. On patrol they are not only constantly 
on the alert for fires, but also caution those who are likely to be care- 
less, and in other ways secure the* co-operation of people in their dis- 
tricts in suppressing the fire danger. 

There are two kinds of Lool'ont Stations in use, one where the 
Forest Warden is constantly on duty, on dry days, during the fire sea- 
son ; and the other where observations are made by a Warden from 
some lookout point three times during the day — morning, noon, and 
evening. Of them, one of the former, and two of the latter, are at 
present in use. Each Lookout Station is connected by telephone with 
the surrounding territory, so that when a fire is discovered its location 
is determined as definitely as possible and immediately reported to the 
Warden nearest the fire, Avho then goes to it at once, employing assist- 
ants where needed to bring it under control. In sections where there 
is good telephone connection, these Lookout Stations have been of in- 
estimable service in locating fires, limiting tlie cost of extinguishing 
them, and reducing tlie amount of damage done. 

Under Section 2 of the Weeks Law (Act of March 1, 1911), there 
is available for the different States which maintain forest fire organi- 
zations, and are expending money in fire protection, certain allotments 
for the payment of Forest Patrolmen and Lookout Watchmen, on 
condition that the State will expend at least an equal amount in fire 
protection. IMaryland and the F. S. Forest Service have in tlii.s way 



I'LATE III. FIG. 1.— FIRE SPREADING THROUGH A HARDWOOD FOREST. 

The ground fire, starting in leaves and brush, soon extends to tlie forest growth. While the fire may 
not assume tlie proportions of a "crown" one, impoverished soil, destroyed reproduction, 
and damage to the large trees all result directly from burning of this character. 




PLATE III. FIG. 2. — EXAMPLES OP FOREST PROTECTION AND FOREST DESTRUCTION. 



The original forest was destroyed by repeated fires, as evidenced by dead, white stubs. Since 1906, urn 
State Forest Protection, fires have been prevented, and the waste mountain-side 
is returning to forest' 



Grazing. 



17 



been iu successful co-operation since the autumn of 1911. Through 
Act of the 1916 Legislature, with specific appropriation available 
October 1, 1916, for fire protective work, greater Federal aid has been 
secured. The State has also been able to generally extend this work, 
with the promise of increased efficiency. 

Grazing: The practice of using woodlots for pasture is common 
throughout the State, but particularly so in the Piedmont and in the 
mountain sections of Garrett County. In the mountain forests, 
especially in those of Garrett, cattle, sheep, and hogs are allowed to 
range freely on unfeneed lands. Under the conditions, grazing in 
itself does no particular damage to the forest, since stock has such a 
wide range that close grazing is not possible. But the chief damage 
is incidental to grazing, and lies in the deliberate setting of fires in 
the woodlands to burn off the forest and promote a growth of grass. 
The enforcement of the fire laws, together with the increase of the 
farming interests of the county, is lessening this practice to the extent 
that marked improvement locally has been observed in the last four 
years. 

As a, local forest problem, the use of woodlands for pasture may be 
worked out with a fair degree of accuracy. It is an established fact 
that a woodlot will not serve satisfactorily as pasture land, and at the 
same time perform its greatest function in timber and wood produc- 
tion. The one is inimical to the other. If the woodland is fully 
stocked, as it must be for greatest wood production, then the ground 
will be so completely utilized and shaded by forest cover as to prevent 
the growth of grass or other forage ; on the other hand, if the wood- 
land is sufficiently open to permit a growth of grass, then it will not 
produce a full crop of timber and it is only a question of time until 
the tree growth disappears. The effect of pasturing is primarily to 
destroy the small seedlings and younger reproduction which nature 
has provided for the renewal of the forest and the maintenance of its 
proper density. The soil is packed by the trampling of cattle and 
becomes hard and dry. Open places soon appear in the forest, and 
if this destruction of reproduction is permitted to continue even the 
growth of the larger trees will be serioush^ hampered. Instead of 
timber with long, clear stems, the trees will be short, limby, and of 
poor quality. 

There are, of course, some advantages in tlie use of the woodlot for 
cattle other than in the pasturing that it affords ; as, for example, a 
place where they may escape the hot sun, and where they may be able 
to brush off' troublesome insects. Under certain conditions these uses 
may not be particularly detrimental to the woodlot itself. In a wood- 
lot fully stocked with young growth which has reached a sufficient 



18 



The Forests op Maryland. 



height to be out of the reach of cattle, the ensuing damage, if any, will 
be very slight, unless the soil itself is damaged by excessive pasturing. 
This problem must, therefore, be solved by carefully weighing the 
relative values of the woodlot for pasture or for wood production, and 
the one which is least important must be sacrificed to the other. It 
should be understood that they cannot be successfully combined, and 
it is for the owner to decide between them. 

TREE DISEASES. 

There are a number of insects and fungous diseases affecting forest 
trees, some of which have done an immense amount of damage locally 
in recent years, and others which have been destructive at different 
periods. It will not be possible within the limits of this report to treat 
the subject with any amount of detail, but information regarding the 
different diseases, their life histories, habits, and methods of control, 
so far as they have been worked out, may be obtained in special publi- 
cations issued by this Department or by the Federal Government.* 

Insect Injuries. 

The most important insects affecting forest trees are the Locust 
Borer, the Locust Leaf Miner, the Two-Lined Chestnut Borer, and the 
Pine Bark Beetle. None of these insects are of wide distribution in 
the State and they have not done a very great amount of damage. 
They may of course at any time increase to an alarming extent under 
favorable conditions, but ordinarily they are held in cheek by natural 
enemies or other adverse conditions. Mention is not made here of the 
numerous insects which feed upon shade trees and often do great dam- 
age ; though some of them attack the trees in the forest, they are not 
sufficiently destructive to be classified and described as forest insects. 

The Locust Borer, Cyllene rohiniae, is found throughout the State, 
but is most destructive in the central portion, where it attacks locust 
trees of all sizes, boring into the wood, often honeycombing it, causing 
the trees to have dead patches on the surface, and rendering them 
liable to desti'uction in storms or by having branches broken off. Like 
practically all other boring insects, they are difficult to reach and 
little can be done toward their control. In sections where the Locust 
Borer is at all destructive it is not advisable to plant locust, nor to 
depend upon it as a forest tree. 

The Locust Leaf Miner, Odontota dorsalis, was partieularlj^ active 
and widespread in Maryland during 1912-1915. Its work is charac- 
teristically shown by the brown appearance of the foUage of locust 



• Samples of insects and fungi sent to the State Forester will, wherever possible, be 
identified, and advice given as to methods of control. 



Tree Diseases. 



19 



trees after the middle of July. The adults feed upon the tender 
parts of the leaf during early summer, while the larvae feed upon the 
under surface of the leaves, eating away the more delicate portions 
between the larger veins and taking out the green portions between the 
epidermal layers. This causes the rusty appearance of the trees, very 
much as though they were dying ; many of the leaves in fact, do fall. 
Since the foliage is not usually attacked by the larvae until the middle 
of July, when the trees have made their principal growth, the insects 
have not so far caused a great amount of damage. The trees leaf out 
again next spring as usual, and aside from retarding the growth in the 
latter part of the season, and the disfigured appearance of the trees, 
no serious consequence is the result. The disease was apparently much 
more pronounced in 1913 and 1914 than was the case in 1915, and 
scarcely noticeable in 1916, indicating that it passes through certain 
cycles, in common with most insect pests. There appears to be no prac- 
tical remedy for dealing with the disease under forest conditions, al- 
though in the ease of shade trees spraying early in the season, to 
poison the leaf-eating adults, is beneficial. Since the larvae feed be- 
tween the epidermal layers of the leaf and cannot be reached by a 
spray, it seems impracticable to attack them at that stage. 

The Two-Lined Chestnut Borer, Agrilus hilineatus, is believed to 
have caused considerable damage to chestnut in southern Maryland, 
and also to be responsible for killing many oak trees. The insect 
operates just under the bark of the tree, making galleries from six to 
ten inches long, which run more or less horizontally around it. When 
the tree is attacked by a number of these insects it is quickly girdled. 
The name of this borer is derived from the appearance of the adult 
beetle, which appears during May and early June. It is about three- 
eighths of an inch long, black in color, and marked with two yellowish 
lines extending longitudinally along the back. It has one or more 
parasites which apparently are holding it in check, so that the amount 
of damage done has not been considerable as yet. 

Fungous Diseases. 

Among the fungous tree diseases of the State the only one of far- 
reaching importance is the Chestnut Blight — Diaporthe parasitica. 
It is not known for how many years this disease has been present in 
Maryland, but it was observed in 1910 as a particularly virulent dis- 
ease that was spreading rapidly in the northeastern part of the State. 

This parasitic growth was probably introduced from China, and 
has spread more rapidly and caused more damage than any other 
tree disease in the country. It affects only the chestnut and chinqua- 
pin, attacking trees of all sizes, and while the attack is usually in the 



20 



The Forests of Maryland. 



tops and brandies, no portion is immune. It is disseminated by means 
of spores carried by the wind, insects, or other agencies, and the spores 
germinate in cracks or abrasions of the liark, sending their root-like 
structure into the inner bark and developing a canker which soon 
encircles the portion of the tree attacked, causing its death. It only 
works in the inner bark and one or two outer rings of the wood, so 
that the timber itself is not destroyed, and may be used if utilization 
takes place before natural decay begins. More time and effort have 
been expended in an entleavor to control this disease than any other 
tliat has been introduced, but so far they have been without avail, and 
the only course to pui'sue is that of cutting and utilizing the trees 
before they are completely killed and nuieli less merchantable. 

This is one of the parasitic fungi which attack living trees, and 
while there are a number of others that are more or less common, 
such as peridermium, which attacks the Scrub Pine, they are of so 
little importance as to reciuire no special mention in a report of this 
character. 

IMPORTANT TIMBER TREES. 

Of the great variety of commercially valuable timber trees found 
in the State it is difficult to select those of commanding importance. 
The variety is so great as to enable the State to furnish material for 
all uses except those in which tropical woods are required, and 
while many kinds of Maryland wood have occupied a very important 
place in numerous industries, the exhaustion of virgin forests with 
their high-grade material has created the impression among users of 
timber that satisfactory supplies from this State are no longer avail- 
able. 

It is true tliat large supplies of a single kind of material are not 
easily obtained at any one point, but a better understanding of tbe 
available supplies in different parts of the State, with improved 
metliods of exchange will, it is believed, help to overcome this diffi- 
culty. There have been numerous instances of manufacturers import- 
ing woods at a high cost, where equally good supplies might have 
been secured within the State at greatly reduced prices. In one case a 
large wood-user had imported a special kind of wood from Michigan 
at considerable expense until he found that a species, native to this 
State and connnon to his own county, though not generally used, was 
just as good for his purpose, and could be ol)tained at one-third of the 
cost. 

NATIVE FOREST TREES. 

There are 70 species of trees in the State which may be classed as 
such, although some of them are of very little importance. In the 




PLATE IV. FIG. 1. — FIRE PROTECTION ON MOUNTAIN LAND. 

The State's fire tower on Meadow Mountain, Garrett County, overlooks 150,000 acres of woodland, 
and is connected by telephone with the various Forest Wardens. 



Native Forest Trees. 



21 



tabulated list below an attempt has been made to list the trees 
according to their commercial importance, and to indicate in which 
sections of the State each is found. 

For this purpose the State is taken in four divisions : Western 
Maryland — Garrett, Allegany, Washington and Frederick Counties; 
Central Maryland — Carroll, Baltimore, Harford, Upper Cecil, How- 
ard and Montgomery Counties; Southern Maryland — Prince George's, 
Anne Arundel, Charles, St. Mary's and Calvert Counties; and East- 
ern Shore Maryland — Lower Cecil, Kent, Queen Anne's, Talbot, 
Caroline, Dorchester, Wicomico, Somerset and Worcester Coimties. 

■ In the table AVestern Maryland is indicated by the initial W, Cen- 
tral Maryland by the initial C, Southern Maryland by the initial S, 
and the Eastern Shore by the initial E. 



Species: Common Name. Botanical Name. Distribution. 
White Oaks : 



AVhite Oak 


Quercus alba 


C. E. S.W. 


Chestnut Oak 


Quercus prinus 


c. w. 


Post Oak 


Quercus minor 


c. w. 


Swamp White Oak 


Quercus plantanoides 


C. E. S. 


Cow Oak 


Quercus raichauxii 


E. 


Red Oaks: 






Red Oak 


Quercus rubra 


C. S.W. 


Black Oak 


Quercus velutina 


C. S. w. 


Scarlet Oak 


Quercus coeeinea 


c. s. w. 


Spanish Oak 


Quercus digitata 


c. s. w. 


Pin Oak 


Quercus palustris 


C. E. S. 


Willow Oak 


Quercus phellos 


C. E. S. 


Black Jack Oak 


Quercus marilandica 


c. s. w. 


Water Oak 


Quercus nigra 


C. E. S. 


Chestnut 


Castanea dentata 


c. s. w. 


Yellow Pines: 






Loblolly Pine 


Pinus taeda 


E. 


Scrub Pine 


Pinus virginiana 


c. s. 


Pitch Pine 


Pinus rigida 


C. B. W. 


Shortleaf Pine 


Pinus echinata 


c. S. 


Table Mountain Pine 


Pinus pungens 


w. 


Tulip Poplar 


Liriodendron tulipifera 


C. E. S.W. 


Hickories : 






Moekernut Hickory 


Hicoria alba 


C. S. W. 


Shagbark Hickory 


Hieoria ovata 


0. w. 


Pignut Hickory 


Hicoria glabra 


c. s. w. 


Bitternut Hickory 


Hicoria minima 


c. w. 



22 



The Forests op Maryland. 



Species: Common Name. 
Hickories : 

Small Pignut Hickory 
Shellbark Hickory 

Red Gum 
Black Walnut 
White Pine 
Maples : 

Sugar Maple 
Red Maple 
Silver Maple 
Striped Maple 
Mountain Maple 
Black Gum 
Ashes : 
White Ash 
Black Ash 
Red Ash 
Birches : 

Yellow Birch 
River Birch 
Black Birch 
Beech 
Basswood 
Cucumber 
Sycamore 
Elms : 
White Elm 
Slippery Elm 
Hemlock 
Black Locust 
Red Cedar 
Cherries : 
Black Cherry 
Wild Red Cherry 
Butternut 
Bald Cypress 
Sassafras 
Persimmon 
Red Mulberry 
White Cedar 
Spruces : 
Black Spruce 
Red Spruce 



Botanical Name. 

Hicoria odorata 
Hieoria laciniosa 
Liquidambar styraciflua 
Jiiglans nigra 
Pinus strobus 

Acer saccharum 
Acer rubrum 
Acer saccharinum 
Acer pennsylvanicum 
Acer spicatum 
Nyssa sylvatica 

Fraxinus americana 
Fraxinus nigra 
Fraxinus pennsylvanica 

Betula lutea 
Betula nigra 
Bctula lenta 
Fagus americana 
Tilia americana 
Magnolia acuminata 
Platanus occidentalis 

Ulmus americana 
Ulmus pubescens 
Tsuga canadensis 
Robinia pseudacaeia 
Juniperus virginiana 

Prunus serotina 
Prunus pennsylvanica 
Juglans cinerea 
Taxodium distichum 
Sassafras sassafras 
Diospyros virginiana 
Morus rubra 
Chamaecyparis thyoides 

Picea mariana 
Picea rubens 



Distribution, 

C. W. 
C. W. 
C, E. S. 
C. S. W. 

w. 

C. E. S.W ~ 

c. 

w. 

w. 

C. E. S. W. 

C. S. W. 
C. E. S. W. 
C. E. S. W. 

W. 
C. S. 
C. S.W. 
C. S. W. 
C. W. 

w. 

C. E. S. 

C. E. R. W. 
C.E.S. W. 
W. 

C.E. S.W. 

c. s. 

c. w. 
c. w. 
w. 

E. 

C.E. S.W. 
C. E. S. 
C. E. W. 
E. 

W. 

w. 



Native Forest Trees. 



23 



Species: Common Name. 

Willows : 
Black WiUow 
Sandbar Willow 
White Willow 

Dogwood 

Holly 

Blue Beech 
Hornbeam 
Redbud 
Tamarack 
Poplars : 

Aspen 

Poplar 

Swamp Cottonwood 
Hackberry 



Botanical Name. 

Salix nigra 
Salix fluviatilis 

Salix alba 
Cornus florida 
Ilex opaca 

Carpinus caroliniana 
Ostrya virginiana 
Cereis canadensis 
Larix laricina 

Populus tremuloides 
Populus grandidentata 
Populus heterophylla 
Celtis occidentalis 



Distribution. 

C. S. 
E. 

C. E. S. W. 
C. E. S.W. 

e. E. s. w. 

C. E. S.W. 

c. w. 
c. w. 
w. 

w. 

c. s. w. . 

0. E. S. 

C.E. W. 



24 



The Forests of i\lAEYiiAND. 



THE LAND AREA OF MARYLAND. 
Classified According to Present Use* 



COUNTIES 



Wooded 
Area 



Improved 
Farm 
Land 



Waste 
Land 



Salt I 
Marsh ! ^ 
Land 



163,832 


1 

62 


92,266 


34 


103,515 


24 


62,390 


45 


62,834 


30 


39,292 


13 


53,543 


24 


171,547 


59 


138,291 


37 


91,117 


21 


274,483 


63 


81,872 [29 


38,644 25 


33,776119 


68,821 


22 


127,200 


41 


59,270 


26 


119,080 


51 


68,387 


25 


45,822 


29 


72,274 


24 


111,608 


46 


148,182 


47 



Allegany 

Anne Arundel. . . 

Baltimore 

Calvert 

Caroline 

Carroll 

Cecil 

Charles 

Doreliester 

Frederick 

Garrett 

Harford 

HoTrard 

Kent 

Montgomery . . . . 
Prince George's. 
Queen Anne's. . . 

St. Mary's 

Somerset 

Talbot 

Washington . . . . 

Wicomico 

Worcester 



70,513 
139,127 
230,471 

74,128 
128,206 
225,598 
140,980 

60,969 
123,679 
301,430 
122,318 
171,473 
114,027 
139,786 
209,153 
154,414 
131,607 

98,247 

76,449 

87,643 
191,842 
109,092 145 
121,830140 



32,018 
41,891 
65,739 

2,046 
15,646 
31,139 
24,514 
43,886 
27,851 
40,583 
39,820 
22,432 

6,771 

1,254 
24,907 
25,130 
38,013 
15,804 
84,864 
21,923 
41,006 

7,431 
20,287 



1,216 
3,456 
768 
1.664 



4,160 
14,144 
78,848 



7,232 
5,056 



128 
2,880 

832 
43,480 
3,392 



14,144 
22,656 



I I 



i 



The State 2,228,046 1 35 13,222,9821 51 



674,955 11 



204,056 3 



6,330,039 



*Note : Areas of salt marsh land — Conservation Commission, Slarj-Iand. 
Improved farm land — Dept. of Agriculture, V. S. 
Wooded area and waste land — State Board of Forestry, Maryland. 



PLATE V. FIG. 1.-— DESTRUCTION OF CHESTNUT BY THE BLIGHT. 

Tlic Chestnut Blight has killed a large percentage of the chestnut in hardwood forests, from NeAV 
England to Maryland; and the end of the destruction of this species has not yet been 
reached in the State. It is no longer a question of prevention, but of utilization. 




PLATE V. FIG. 2.— A CULLED FOREST, WITH LOGGING WASTE, IN 
SOUTHERN MARYLAND. 

The net result of careless lumbering is the stand culled of its best; and the natural consequence of 

waste like this is the forest fire. 



Principal Uses of The Forests. 



25 



PRINCIPAL USES OF THE FOREST. 

The most important use of the forest, here, as elsewhere, is for 
Lumber. The production for 1914 amounted to 229,027,500 board 
feet, 129,105,500 board feet being hardwood, and 99,922,000 pine, 
with a very small proportion of hemlock. This represents a value at 
the mills of $3,823,463. There are only a few large stationary mills 
in the State, the bulk of the lumber being cut by portable mills of 
varying size and kind, whose capacity usually runs from 4,000 to 12,- 
000 board feet daily. These mill operators engage in buying timber 
lots, and move from place to place as new tracts are found. Most of 
the pine lumber is cut in the eastern shore and southern sections of 
the State, while the bulk of the hardwood comes from central and 
western Maryland. 

The lumber production of the State bas decreased in the last few 
years because of the exhaustion of large stumpage holdings in the 
western part of the State, so that now the lumber business is more 
generally distributed but not so important. It is believed, however, 
that a more stable condition has been reached, and that the present cut 
may be continued for many years, or actually increased under better 
systems of forest management. With reduced supplies of stumpage 
and increased prices, there is a strong tendency toward closer cutting 
and utilization to a smaller diameter limit. 

Pulpwood. — -While the pulpwood business ranks next in import- 
ance to that of lumber, with a value of $444,029 and a cut of 74,002 
long cords as reported in 1914, its field of activity is much more local- 
ized, as two-thirds of the production is from five southern Maryland 
counties — Prince George's, Charles, Anne Arundel, St. Mary's and 
Calvert. Fully nine-tenths of the pulpwood is furnished by three 
species. Scrub Pine, Red Gum and Tulip Poplar. 

Scrub Pine, a tree which comes in quickly on abandoned fields in 
southern Maryland, and which up to twelve years ago had no value 
except for cordwood, is now the most extensively used for pulpwood, 
making up practically two-thirds of the total production. The trees 
are generally cut during late spring and summer, when they peel 
most readily. The bark is removed, and the stems are cut into five- 
foot sections. After remaining piled in the woods until they have be- 
come partially seasoned, the wood is hauled to railroad or water ship- 
ping points and sent to the various pulp mills, generally to be shipped 
outside of the State. Practically all of the wood is handled by dealers 
who usually buy it on the stump, having the cutting and piling done 
by day labor or by contract. 

Red Gum, a timber tree growing in swampy land in the southern 
part of the State, is also extensively used for pulpwood, and with tulip 



26 



The Forests op Maeyland. 



poplar, which makes the best pulpwood of any of the native species 
and is cut for the purpose over a wider area than any other, forms 
most of the remaining third of the total output. 

Railroad Ties. — The 925,392 railroad ties valued at $440,685, as re- 
ported in 1914, indicate the importance of this business. Railroad ties 
are cut in all parts of the State, although the Eastern Shore section 
■contributes but a small per cent, and since little capital is required to 
produce them and they are salable at the nearest railroad point, there 
are great numbers of producers. A ready market and little expense of 
manufacture stimulate the cutting of a great many small, thrifty trees 
for this use before they have reached the most profitable merchantable 
size. 

White oak, always a preferred tie material, formerly constituted 
the larger part of the product, but it is now becoming scarce, and 
other oaks are being largely substituted, especially where preservative 
treatment is possible. The principal species used are white oak, red 
oak (several species), chestnut, and a small per cent of pine. 

Piling. — The counties bordering the Chesapeake Bay and its 
tributaries contribute the great bulk of the piling that is produced in 
the State. Of the amount produced probably three-fourths is oak, and 
the remainder principally pine. Wliite oak, because of its greater 
strength and durability, brings a higher price, but several of the red 
oaks, particularly pin oak, which generally produces long, straight 
stems suitable for the purpose, are much used. Pine is the cheapest 
and most easily obtained in desired shapes, but it is the least durable. 

Cordwood. — The 85,355 cords of wood valued at $270,380, report- 
ed as sold in 1914, represent but a small portion of the wood used in 
the State, since no account was made of that cut and used for home 
consumption. Of the amount produced, approximately one-third was 
hardwood, chiefly oak and chestnut, while the remainder was princi- 
pally pine. It is a low-grade product which cannot be profitably ship- 
ped for any great distance, and therefore the principal markets are 
found in the nearby towns where the local demand is usually supplied 
directly to the consumer by the adjacent landowners. 

Mine Props. — This industry is confined principally to two widely 
separated sections of the State — the eastern shore peninsula and 
western Maryland — and the size of props, woods used, and method of 
sale are entirely different in the two localities. In the Eastern Shore 
section loblolly pine forms practically the entire output, and props 27 
to 36 feet long are cut from the larger trees. 

Trees ordinarily used for this purpose are from 14 to 20 inches in 
diameter, and the product is generally sold by the ton. The props are 
shipped to the anthracite coal fields and there cut into suitable lengths. 



Principal Uses op The Forest. 



27 



The production for this section, as reported in 1914, was 56,787 tons. 
Since the trees cut for mine props are also of a suitable size for saw 
timber, the two uses are competing, and the length of haul is generally 
the determining factor. The mine props cannot be hauled profitably 
for as great a distance as lumber, and therefore where the haul ex- 
ceeds three miles the product generally goes into saw timber instead 
of mine props. 

The other section of the State Avhere the cutting of mine props is 
an important business is in the vicinity of the coal fields in western 
Maryland. The mine prop output coming from the three westernmost 
counties, Garrett, Allegany and Washington, amounted in 1914 to 
46,550 tons. The props used, however, in the coal mines of western 
Maryland are very different from those produced in the southeastern 
part of the State, particularly in the size of the trees cut for the pur- 
pose, and that all species of suitable size are cut. Round props, meas- 
uring four inches at the top and varying in length from eight to 
twelve feet, are required, and a great variety of wood is used. In the 
logging operations here the very small trees, left after lumbering for 
saw timber or for railroad ties, are cut into mine props which are sold 
at a price little more than covering the cost of production and freight, 
with little, if any, allowance for stumpage value. 

A few of the large-sized mine props are cut in southern Maryland 
from Scrub Pine, but they form a very small per cent of the total pro- 
duction for the State. 

Tan Bark. — Tan Bark was produced in seven of the western and 
central counties of the State in 1914, the total production being 
34,360 tons, valued at $253,510. Of this, hemlock constituted nearly 
two-thirds of the total production, oak, principally chestnut oak, 
the remainder. The amount of bark produced in this section 
was very much greater a few years ago, but with the exhaustion of the 
main timber supplies the production of bark has decreased with that 
of lumber, of which it may be termed a by-product. There are now 
three large tanneries in the State, and a few small ones, which receive 
most of their supply of bark from Maryland. For the past twenty 
years there has been a sharp decline in this industry, due to the rapid 
exhaustion of chestnut oak and hemlock timber supplies. 

Staves and Heading. — This represents a production of 30,389,019 
pieces valued at $223,931, and reported from five counties. About 
half of the number were barrel staves and headings, the remainder 
keg staves and headings. Pine constituted nine-tenths of the wood 
used, and of the remainder, consisting of several species, chestnut was 
the most important. The barrel staves were principally for oyster and 
vegetable containers, the bulk of them being used locally, while prac- 



28 



The Forests of Maryland. 



tically all of the keg staves were sent out of the State, their principal 
use being for nails, bolts, horseshoes, etc. In cutting keg staves small 
trees are often utilized, the most desirable size being from six to eight 
inches in diameter. The tops are utilized to a diameter of three inches. 

Poles. — The cut of poles reported was 62,135, -with a value of $180,- 
012. Practically all of the western, central and southern counties con- 
tributed to this output, of which nearly all was chestnut, the only ex- 
ception being 4,000 white cedar and cypress poles cut along the Poco- 
moke River and its tributaries in Worcester and Wicomico Counties. 
Many small poles are used in local telephone lines, but the bulk of 
them are shipped out of the State. The Chestnut Blight, which is so 
seriously affecting the chestnut trees, has forced great quantities of 
chestnut on the market in the past few years, causing over-production 
with resulting low prices. 

Shingles.— The 13,842,000 shingles valued at $45,901, and cut in 
1914, were principally chestnut, with a small amount of white pine 
in the western part of the State and cyj^ress in the southeastern, sec- 
tion. All except three counties of the State reported a cut of shingles, 
but in only three of them did the cut exceed 1,000,000, viz : Mont- 
gomery, Frederick and Howard, in which all the shingles were chest- 
nut. These were cut either by portable sawmills, many of which are 
equipped for their manufacture, or by individually operated shingle 
machines. 

Laif/i..— 14,837,000 lath were cut in 1914, with a value of $45,282. 
The cut was distributed over nearly all of the counties, Allegany, 
Dorchester, Garret, Wicomico and Worcester each reporting a mil- 
lion or more. Pine was the species almost universally used, and in 
nearly every case the lath were cut from material not suited for lum- 
ber, so that they may be regarded as more or less a by-product of the 
lumber mills. 

Mine Ties. — This product is only reported from the three western- 
most counties of the State, in the mining region. The total output was 
260,000, valued at $39,000. Low-grade material too small for saw 
timber was generally used. A variety of species enter into the pro- 
duct, but the principal kinds are birch, maple and several kinds of 
oak, the latter supplying the bulk of the cut. 

Posts.— The total production— 133,645 posts, valued at $20,587— 
Avas a local produ,et reported in nearly every county of the State. Most 
of them were sold locally and consisted principally of locust, cedar 
and chestnut. 

Export Logs. — This product consists of large, choice logs of wal- 
nut, poplar, oak, and a few other valuable species, culled from the 
forests, shipped to Baltimore, and there exported in the rough. The 



Special Uses op The Forest. 



.29 



]iroduction reported recently is 329,000 board feet annually, valued 
at $9,870. It is shipped in the log, because it takes a lower customs 
duty and is the more readily available for the various forms into 
which it is finally manufactured. Most of it is used for veneer, ex- 
cept walnut, which is largely and increasingly used for gun stocks. 
Six counties within a radius of 50 miles of Baltimore reported ship- 
ments of export logs in lOl-i. 

Pinwood. — The only county in the State to report this product was 
Washington County, with -1:40 cords valued at $3,960. For this pur- 
]>ose locust is used, cut iut-o lengths of approximate!}^ 4 feet, and sold 
l)y the cord to a large estal)lishment at Hagerstown which produces 
considerable cpiantities of insulator pins. Though red oak also is 
somewhat used, black locust constitutes the chief source of the tele- 
graph pin manufacturer 's wood supply. 

SPECIAL USES OF THE FOREST. 

Among the special uses of the forests not directly associated with 
timber production are the growing of basket willow, the production of 
]uaple sirup and sugar, and the manufacture of charcoal. These are 
all uses and products that may more properly be classed under the 
forest than any other division, and while they are somewhat localized, 
they nevertheless comprise important industries. 

Willow Production. — The growing of basket Avillows is an import- 
ant industry in the vicinity of Baltimore. The other centres are 
Lansdowne, Halethorpe, Elkridge and Laurel, with scattered planta- 
tions at Frederick, Buckeystown, Rosedale, Catonsville and Crowns- 
ville. Three kinds of willow are used — the Lemley, American Green, 
and Welsh — and instead of being permitted to grow to tree form they 
are annually cut back to near the surface of the ground. The rods 
which represent a season's growth are from 4 to 10 feet in length, are 
cut during the winter, peeled, and sold to basket makers and dealers 
liy the pound. The production reported in 1914 amounted to 400,000 
pounds, valued at $30,000. Due to the widespread cutting off of im^ 
ports from Europe during this year and several following, willow 
growing in this country, including Maryland, has been markedly 
stimulated. 

Maple Sirup and Sugar. — The Sugar Maple is a tree indigenous 
to momitain sections, occurring locally over restricted areas in Gar- 
rett County. The principal stands are in the vicinity of Grantsville 
and Bittinger, with very much smaller ones near Hoyes Run and the 
southwestern part of the county. It is the practice in these sections, 
in cutting woodlands Avhere Sugar Maple constitutes a considerable 
percentage of the stand, to take out all but these trees, which then are 



30 



The Forests of Maryland. 



left in the form of sugar groves or "camps." More recently, how- 
ever, advancing prices paid for Sugar Maple timber have resulted in 
the cutting down of many of these fine old groves. 

The maple trees, of course, are tapped each spring, the amount of 
sugar or sirup produced depending upon the season. The Census 
reported for 1909 a production of 351,908 pounds of sugar valued at 
$24,985, and 12,172 gallons of sirup worth $9,401, making a total of 
$34,386 for the product of approximately 80,000 trees. It is probable 
that this production has been maintained on an average since 1909, 
and the value of the product has increased because of the higher price 
now obtaining for both sugar and sirup. 

Charcoal. — The production of charcoal is not as important as it 
was some years ago, due to changes in the industries in which it was 
formerly used. But three counties — Anne Arundel, Cecil and Charles 
— reported a production which amounted to 95,000 bushels, valued at 
$9,500. Up to fifty years ago, and for more than a century before, 
the cutting of wood for charcoal production was a very important' 
business, as it was then used extensively in iron manufacture in sev- 
eral different sections of the State. 

For example, the Principio Furnace, which is, except for the Muir- 
Mrk Furnace in Prince George's County, the only one now operated 
in the State though to a very limited extent, formerly used large quan- 
tities of the charcoal produced from its 10,000 acres of woodland. The 
PrincipiO Company was organized in 1722, and in 1774 the Catoctin 
Furnace, in the mountains of the same name, was built. The latter 
ceased to operate about 20 years ago, though it also had large holdings 
of woodland comprising nearly 10,000 acres, which it had cut over 
periodically for charcoal production. The Green Spring Furnace, in 
the vicinity of Fairview Mountain, likewise discontinued operations, 
in 1873, but during its active period, covering twenty-five years, it 
used the entire product of its 7,000 acres of woodland for charcoal 
production. Harford Furnace, on a branch of Bush River; another, 
at The Rocks in Harford County ; and still other smaller ones, all con- 
tributed to the charcoal industry. 

THE WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF MARYLAND. 

The industries producing wood and timber maintain a greater 
number of establishments than any other in this State, and normally 
there is but one industry in Maryland where the value of the prod- 
ucts, and the number of dependent wage-earners, exceed those of the 
lumber business and allied trades. Together they operate 1,168 es- 
tablishments, employ 16,790 men, and have an output valued at $31,- 
381,837. Under the head of production are included mills which 



PLATE VX. FIG. 1. — THE PASTURED WOODLOT. 



Over-grazing of this stand has resulted fatally for reproduction, and there has been caused a thin 
soil cover and an almost total absence of all new growth. 




PLATE VI. FIG. 2. — THE PROTECTED WOODLOT. 

Protection from fires and elimination of grazing are soon evident. Note the healthy young 
growth, good ground cover, and thrifty growing condition. 



The Wood-Using Industries of Maryland. 



31 



manufacture I'ough lumber, shingles, cooperage materials; finished 
lumber, sash, doors, blinds, and interior finish; and wooden packing 
boxes. These, together with the additional operators producing ties, 
poles, posts, and similar forest products, have 845 separate establish- 
ments and plants, employ 9,838 men, and produce goods worth $14,- 
874,837. Those allied concerns which carry further the manufacture 
of these wood products include the paper and wood pulp trade, ship- 
building, furniture and refrigerators, canes and umbrellas, musical 
instruments, carriages, wagons and automobiles, cigar boxes, baskets, 
rattan and willow ware, cooperage and miscellaneous manufactures. 
They maintain 323 plants with 7,942 employees, and have an annual 
product whose value was placed by the Thirteenth Census at $17,- 
507,000. In explanation it may be said that while the last-named in- 
dustries do not use wood exclusively in making up their output, they 
supply products, nevertheless, in which wood constitutes a large share 
of all the raw material converted. 

A thorough investigation begun in 1909 by the Maryland State 
Board of Forestry and the United States Forest Service disclosed that 
Maryland wood-using or manufacturing industries then in operation 
were annually converting into finished products 284,346,895 feet of 
raw material in the shape of rough lumber. Twenty per cent, ap- 
proximately, was State-grown, and eighty per cent supplied from 
States and countries outside. Its cost at the factory was $5,878,631, 
averaging $20.67 per thousand feet. The average price for State- 
grown woods was $14.44 per thousand ; for those from outside, $22.25. 
This is explained by the higher freight rates obtaining on the latter, 
and partly by the fact that woods not grown in Maryland, but sold 
here, were generally of higher grade than those locally produced and 
marketed. 

Woods used differed widely in amounts and kinds — from 130,699,- 
500 board feet of loblolly pine, 27,889,000 feet of longleaf, and 22,030, 
800 feet of white oak, to 25 feet of Turkish boxwood. Only 25 per 
cent of this loblolly was Maryland-grown, none of the longleaf, and 
but 15 per cent of the oak. Locust and dogwood were the only two in 
a list of 54 species used commercially to have the distinction of being 
produced altogether in Maryland. Pitch pine, red gum, and chestnut 
were very nearly so, however. Regarding the disposition of those great 
amounts of wood which are brought in to be manufactured here, it 
may be said that makers of boxes, crates and packing eases absorb 
a greater amount of wood than any other single industry, nearly 48 
per cent of the total consumption being so used. Interior finish fol- 
lows with 28 per cent ; furniture, with 6 per cent, is third. 

Maryland manufacturers of wood were at that time, in 1909, deriv- 



32 



The Forests of Maryland. 



ing their supplies of this commodity from thirty-four different States 
and thirteen foreign countries. Twenty-six of the fifty-four species 
of wood reported as used came in part from Maryland, the largest 
representation of species in other States occuring in Virginia, with 
twenty-four. West Virginia with twenty, and Pennsylvania with fif- 
teen. In 1916 just twenty-seven States appear, with the addition of 
the Philippines. The States of Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts, 
Minnesota, New Hampshire, Oklahoma and Texas are not now given 
by manufacturers as the source of wood supplies, and when the rela- 
tively small size of the New England and Middle Atlantic States 
among this number, and the length of time during which their stand- 
ing timber has been exploited and sold, are considered, it is not so sur- 
prising that they are no longer generally continuing as lumber export- 
ers. Two new States, however, appear in the list of 1916 which were 
not in that of seven years before, they being, namely, Idaho and Illi- 
nois. The amoimt of wood from Illinois is not of course large, but 
increasing amounts of pines are being sent Bast from Idaho and other 
far- Western States. All those from which Maryland is now drawing 
supplies of wood are Alabama, Arkansas, California, Florida, Georgia, 
Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kentuckj^, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, 
Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Caro- 
lina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vir- 
ginia, Washington, Wisconsin and West Virginia. Those given in 
italics are regarded as particularly important. The foreign countries 
from which this State also receives importations of timber are Africa, 
Brazil, Canada, the East Indies, Honduras, India, Mexico, Russia, 
San Domingo, Turkey and the West Indies. Among these the names 
of Australia, Ceylon and France no longer appear, while the East In- 
dies and San Domingo are additions since the list of 1909. Those 
which are given are the foreign lands from Avhich Maryland imports 
of wood are normally drawn ; probably less than half of them are car- 
rying on any traffic with the State as this Report is written. 

The various wood-using plants which at present constitute this in- 
dustry in Maryland are not evenly distributed over the State as a 
whole, but rather restricted to three principal centers: Baltimore, 
City and County ; Salisbury ; and Hagerstown. In the State Balti- 
more leads, of course ; Salisbury, in Wicomico county on the eastern 
shore, takes second place in the State in importance of its wood-using 
industries ; Hagerstown, in Washington county, is the principal center 
of the wood-manufacturing industry in western Maryland, in addi- 
tion to ranking third in the State. These cities determine also the 
county leadership, Baltimore, Wicomico and Washington counties 
leading in the order named. Several things have naturally determin- 



The Wood-Using Industries op Maryland. 



33 



ed the centering of these establishments. In the case of Baltimore 
these reasons are very obvious — labor, markets, means of transporta- 
tion, and adequate facilities of every sort immediately at hand. For 
Hagerstown also the reasons are quite apparent since it possesses, next 
to the City and County just mentioned, the finest railway transpor- 
tation of any section of the State. Washington County itself has the 
second largest county mileage in steam and electric roads, and Hagers- 
town, at its center, is reached by a network of lines from points out- 
side. This unusual accessibility by rail also tends to promote condi- 
tions of labor and the supply of laborers, while a further advantage 
which should not be undervalued lies in the large supplies of wood 
and timber which are constantly being cut in the mountain country 
to the west, not only in the two Maryland counties of Garrett and Al- 
legany, but in the adjoining States of Pennsylvania and West Vir- 
ginia. Incidentally, the timber purchased locally in the Hagerstown 
valley, because of the favorable conditions under which it grows, is of 
exceptional grade and adaptability. 

Salisbury possesses decided advantages in combined water and rail 
shipment. It is convenient to the pine-producing centers of the 
Southern seaboard from which is drawn the great bulk of its rough 
lumber for manufacture and Wicomico County itself has woodland 
aggregating 46 per cent of its total area. It is nearby other counties 
with still larger areas of timber, all condiieive to supplying material 
for industries of far-reaching importance. 

As was pointed out. in the early part of the Chapter, the industries 
producing wood, with those manufacturing products of wood and 
therefore dependent to a certain extent upon the forest resources, to- 
gether represent various business and industrial activity of State-wide 
magnitude. They are industries which we could not afford to be with- 
out, and which we could therefore afford to perpetuate. In this con- 
nection a glance at the annual cut, yearly growth and present stand 
of the timber in Maryland is quite revealing. It is probable that the 
avei'age annual increment of wood per acre for all the forests of the 
State cannot exceed 15 cubic feet. The total growth, upon tlie basis 
of this consumption, is 33,420,690 cubic feet ; the annual cut is at 
present 46,949,181 eu. ft. ; and the amount of timber now standing 
317,871,408 cu. ft. Tlie annual growth is but 71 per cent of the total 
production, which in turn amounts yearly to 15 per cent of the whole. 
Very little reflection or calculation is necessaiy to indicate that much 
timber is being cut faster than it is grown. It is a good deal of a cer- 
tainty that the annual cut will not appreciably diminish for some time 
to come, and it is equally sure that under present conditions and pre- 
valent methods the annual growth will not be greatly increased. 



34 



The Forests op Maryland. 



There is but one practical solution, and that is more efficiency in 
forest management, and greater care in the removal of the crop. 
Through the former there is little doubt that in a comparatively few 
year's time the production of IMaryland forests might be raised 100 
per cent. The Board has studied this phase of State Forestry very 
carefully. It has already assisted several hundred local timber owners 
to regulate their cut, secure sale of products and augment their pro- 
duction. But these hundreds should be thousands, and the Board is 
fully prepared to undertake such problems in every portion of the 
State at the instance of any woodland owner. 

Better management means increased production ; with increased 
production there will follow increase of manufacturing. Improved 
methods, beginning in the woodlot or larger tract of forest land, will 
extend and be felt through the whole field of production and opera- 
tion, and with those conditions put in effect, the wood-using industries 
of Maryland, already of commanding importance, should steadily ad- 
vance in value and give employment to even greater numbers. 

TRANSPORTATION, MARKETS, AND GENERAL CONDITIONS 
IN THE LmiBERING AND WOOD-MANUFACTURING 
INDUSTRIES OF MARYLAND. 

Transportation. Waterways. — Maryland's total area is 12,210 
miles, of which 2.319 square miles or 19 per cent is water. The great 
area in waterways is made up of 1,203 square miles in the Chesapeake 
Bay proper, 93 in Chineoteague Bay, and 1,023 in other estuaries. 
From the lower end of the Chesapeake, where the jMaryland State-line 
runs from below Somerset Count}', on the east, to Smith Point, 
Northumberland County, Virginia, on the west, it is approximately 
130 miles up the center of the Bay to its end in Cecil County. It is a 
great waterway, the largest inlet on the Atlantic Coast of the United 
States. At the entrance it is 12 miles across, later broadening to an 
average width of 20 miles, and a maximum of 40. 

The eastern and western shores of ^klaryland are veritably honey- 
combed by navigable, tide-water streams, while the Potomac river, one 
of the most important, follows the southern and southwestern bound- 
aries of Maryland throughout. As far as Washington it is navigable 
by steam vessels, and from there by smaller boats and barges to Chain 
Bridge, near the District Line. These waterways give ]\Iaiyland an 
enormous amount of deep-water transportation. They were import- 
ant factors in the State's settlement, and they are as invaluable now. 

Natural facilities for water transportation are also supplemented 
bj' several which are artificial. A canal, the Chesapeake and Dela- 
ware, connects the upper Chesapeake with Delaware River; another 



Transportation, Markets, and General Conditions. 35 



runs from Georgetown, near Washington, to Cumberland, in western 
Maryland. The latter, the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, is an old and 
important link in the State's waterways, for this idea, of connecting 
the Potomac at tide-water with the nearest point attainable to the 
headwaters of the Ohio, originated with George Washington before he 
became President. It is 185 miles in length, and fed throughout by 
the Potomac River. 

Railroads and Highways.— There are over 1,300 miles of railway in 
Maryland, including the Annapolis Short Line; Baltimore, Chesa- 
peake & Atlantic ; Baltimore & Ohio ; Chesapeake Beach ; Cumberland 
VaUey; Cumberland & Pennsylvania; Emmitsburg; George's Creek & 
Cumberland; Hagerstown & Frederick; Jennings Bros.; Maryland, 
Delaware & Virginia ; Maryland & Pennsylvania ; New York, Philadel- 
phia & Norfolk; Norfolk & Western; Northern Central; Pennsyl- 
vania; Philadelphia, Baltimore & Washington; Washington, Balti- 
more & Annapolis ; Washington, Potomac & Chesapeake ; and Western 
Maryland systems. 

lu addition, there are 1,500 miles of State roads improved with 
shell, concrete, and macadam, forming main lines of traffic, and con- 
necting all of the county seats. Facilities are ample in nearly every 
district not accessible by the water route, and in many parts boat and 
train service are combined to give adequate shipping advantages. 
There should not be a section of Maryland, from the truck gardens of 
the eastern shore to the mountain woodlands of western Maryland, 
w^hieh is inaccessible to the great markets near at hand. 

Markets. — Maryland is a State possessing to a great degree the 
undoubted advantage of markets which are numerous, well distribut- 
ed, and profitable. Within a radius of 190 miles of Baltimore City are 
New York, Philadelphia, Washington, Richmond, and Wilmington, 
cities which, taken with Baltimore, include more than 8 per cent of 
the country's total population. 

It is also noteworthy that these great markets, without exception, 
are available by water as well as by rail. Were these advantages and 
the existing means of transportation not enough, the State itself has 
within its borders several relatively important markets and centers of 
distribution. Baltimore City and County, in central Maryland; 
Salisbury, Pocomoke City, Cambridge, Easton and others on the east- 
ern shore ; Cumberland, Hagerstown and Frederick, in western 
Maryland, are all centers of wood-manufacturing plants which de- 
pend, to some extent, upon local forest supplies. 

Certain products, particularly in an unmanufactured state, find 
their way to these and other points for distribution, and lumber and 
lath, with cordwood and charcoal, have their greatest demand in the 



36 



The Forests of Maryland. 



larger communities. There are markets in ^Maryland which are avail- 
able to all the forest products of the State. These markets have shown 
consistent growth, though still susceptible of profitable development. 

FOREST PLANTING. 

The forest survey of the State has shown that, excluding salt marsh 
land, which is practically irreclaimable, there is 11% of waste land — 
land that is now producing no revenue and is an expense to tlie own- 
ers, but which, for the most part, is suitable for forest planting. In ad- 
dition there are on each of a large proportion of farms of the State a 
few acres of swampy, rocky or gullied hillside laud that would be more 
profitable in forest than in pasture or other uses, or lack of use, as the 
ease may be. There, is, therefore, no lack of opportunity to practice 
forest planting profitabh\ The chief difficulties have been that plant- 
ing stock could not be easily obtained, that the cost was excessive and 
the results uncertain, largely due to inexperience and lack of readily 
secured information. Most land owners are natural planters; they 
want to see things grow and are ready to plant trees if shown con- 
vincingly the proper plan of procedure. In the first place it was 
found that there was not a nursery in the State selling stock suitable 
for forest planting. Anyone who wanted to make a forest plantation 
must send to another State for his stock, and in most cases did not get 
the -species best adapted to his needs. The results were often dis- 
couraging, and forest planting was seriously handicapped. To remedy 
these difficulties as far as possible, the Board of Forestry established 
a State Forest Nursery in the spring of 1914 at College Park, on land 
granted for the purpose by the State College of Agriculture. The 
purpose of the nursery is to grow and distribute trees at cost to resi- 
dents of the State for forest and roadside planting. During the first 
year, after establishing the Nursery, no trees were available for plant- 
ing, but during the next two years of 1915 and 1916, 130,000 trees 
were distributed to 92 different applicants at a cost to them of $894.07." 
This shows the value of a State Nursery as an agency for encouraging 
forest and roadside planting. All who apply are given specific advice 
as to what to plant and expert supervision is offered when the planter 
desires it, and at a nominal cost. 

The objects of planting are so numerous and varied as to make this 
field of forestry an important and rapidly extending one. Rocky, un- 
tillable land is to be made productive, gullied hillsides are to be re- 
claimed, steep slopes are to be protected, stream banks are to be held 
against erosion, wet lands are to be made productive by basket willow 
growing or other planting, woodlands depleted of young growing 
stock by pasturing are to be thickened and brought up to full produc- 



State Forest Reserves. 



37 



tion — these aud many other problems can be solved by planting. The 
important higliwa.ys of the State must be beautified aud made as at- 
tractive as possible. Here again tree planting otSers the best solution. 

Comparatively little forest planting was done prior to the time that 
the State Forest work was organized in 1906. The records show only 
5 such plantations. In 1908 the State Forester distributed small 
quantities of black locust and catalpa for experimental planting in 
various parts of the State. The stimulated interest, but little progress 
was made until the State Nursery was established six years later. It 
is estimated that a total of 550,000 young forest trees have been used 
to date for tlie reforestafion of 475 acres of laud in this State. In- 
terest in forest planting is rapidly- growing and the demand for State- 
grown stock increasing. A list of trees with prices may be obtained 
by applying to the State Forester, Baltimore, who will also give prac- 
tical advice and lielp in forest planting or other forest and tree prob- 
lems. 

STATE FOREST RESERVES. 
The State now owns in forest reservations 2,716 acres — three re- 
serves in Garret ("ounty. and one in Baltimore aud Howard Counties. 
They are : 

Skipuish Reserve — Garrett County 888 acres 

Swallow Falls Reserve — Garrett County. . . . 823 acres 

Kindness Reserve — Garrett County 206 acres 

Patapsco Reserve — • Baltimore & Howard 

Counties 829 acres 



Total of State Reserves 2.716 acres 

The Garrett County Reserves, given to the State by Messrs. Robert 
and John W. Garrett in 1906, contain no merchantable timber, but a 
valuable stand of j'oung growth which has been developed since the 
lands were cut over prior to their coming into the i)ossession of the 
State. Since their acquisition, they have been patrolled by Forest 
Wardens to protect them from tires and trespass, with the result that 
the fire damage has been slight, notwithstanding extensive damage 
on other lands in the vicinity not systematically protected. In addi- 
tion to fire protection, improvement work has been conducted on ap- 
proximately 500 acres of the Skipnish Reserve, 50 acres of the Swal- 
low Falls Reserve and over the entire 206 acres of the Kindness Re- 
serve. This work has been in the nature of a liberation cutting to re- 
move trees that were not of sufficient value to be taken out when lum- 
bering operations were conducted ten years ago, but which later inter- 



38 



The Forests of Maryland. 



fered with the proper development of the yotmger growth. 

A telephone line three miles in length has heen constructed across 
the Skipnish Keserve to the lookout station at Stem Rock on Snaggy 
Mountain, which overlooks the State lands, and thence along Snaggy 
Mountain to Point Lookout, another observation station near a forest 
warden's headquarters. This line is connected with the farming set- 
tlements nearbj% enabling the lookout watchman to summon assistance 
quickly in ease of forest fires on the State's property or in the vicinity. 
In addition, a fire line has been constructed along the West Virginia- 
Maryland State boundary for a distance of one mile, to aid in check- 
ing forest fires that originate in "West Virginia and threaten State and 
private lands in ]\Iaryland. 

The Patapsco Reserve, consisting of lands purchased by the State 
under an appropriation of $50,000 made by the Legislature of 1912, 
supplemented by lands given by Messrs. John M. Glenn, "William L. 
Glenn, Richard C. Norris, and Rollin Norris, lies along the Patapsco 
River in Baltimore and Howard Counties, between Avalon and Hollo- 
field. This Reserve includes some of the most picturesque points along 
the Patapsco. The lands, for the most part, are well wooded, some of 
them heavily timbered, and it is the purpose of the Board to maintain 
them as a natural forest. In addition to the lands owned by the State 
in this region, a plan of co-operation between the private owners of 
land held for water rights, and the State Board of Forestry, is in ef- 
fect, covering 1,038 acres, which gives the State the use of the land for 
park purposes in return for its protection in the matter of patrol 
against fire and tresspass. 

Several miles of trails have been constructed, a small amount of 
forest planting has been done, and through the co-operation of the 
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company several miles of fire line have 
been constructed adjacent to the railroad. It is the purpose of the 
Board of Forestry to make these-lands available as a pleasure ground, 
under reasonable regulations, for all those in the State who wish to 
use them. 

The Patapsco area is not only one of great natural attractiveness, 
being so near Baltimore that its use as a recreation ground is certain 
to be more fully appreciated, but it is also important to protect the 
watershed of the Patapsco River, which plays such an important part 
in furnishing water power for several industrial enterprises. Between 
Relay and Alberton, a distance of 11.4 miles, there ai-e 10 water power 
developments, 8 of which are now in operation. The power for these 
plants is furnished by the Patapsco River, and its value for that pur- 
pose is measured by the evenness of flow and freedom from silt. A 
forest cover is essential to maximum efficiency in regulating flow, and 



PLATE VII. FIG. 1.— A PORTABLE MILL. 



There iire in excess of 700 portable mills operating in the forests of Maryland, and moving 
from place to place as timber supplies are found. 




Municipal Forests. 



39 



in preventing erosion with its deposits of sediment. The steep slopes 
along the river that have been cultivated iij years past have largely 
contributed to the accumulation of silt which has collected behind the 
dams built for storage purposes and has clogged the river channels, 
increasing the frequency of floods, and carrying immense quantities 
of silt into the upper Patapsco near Baltimore, requiring the expendi- 
ture of large sums of money for dredging. A very informing illustra- 
tion of the silt acciimulatiou is shown by the accompanying cut, taken 
from a photograph along the Patapsco River in front of a dam that 
had been in use but ten years. This mass of sediment, extending for a 
quarter of a mile along the river bed, represents but a small part of 
the surface erosion from cultivated lands along the steep banks of the 
Patapsco in ten years' time. 

The onlj' remedy is to get these steep hillsides under a forest cover 
as quickly as possible, which is one of the objects of the State in ac- 
quiring the lands now in the Patapsco Reserve. 

MUNICIPAL FORESTS. 
Some of the cities of the State have acquired forest lands in the 
vicinity of their water supplies for protection purposes. The manage- 
ment of these lands has become a distinct problem of municipal 
forestry. There are two notable examples of municipal forest o'wner- 
.ship in the State, one, the City of Baltimore, the other, the City of 
Frederick. Other towns and cities have small holdings of land around 
their reservoirs, but not of sufficient acreage to be designated as muni- 
cipal forests. 

Baltimore City has acquired appoximately 5,000 acres about its 
city reservoir at Loch Raven, in Baltimore County, of which 1,000 
acres is submerged, 2,000 acres wooded and 2,000 acres is in cleared 
fields. Of the latter, 250 acres have been recently planted in small 
forest trees, and it is the plan of the City to continue forest planting 
each year until the remaining cleared land is entirely planted and. 
supporting a forest growth. The aim is to bring as rapidly as possible 
all open land under a forest cover to prevent soil erosion and silting of 
the reservoir, and at the same time to make the resulting forests a 
source of revenue as well as of scenic beauty. 

FrcdericJ;. — The city of Frederick lias likewise acquired a muni- 
cipal forest of approximately 1,200 acres, covering a part of the moun- 
tain watershed from which its water supply is derived. It is planned 
to make further purchases for the same purpose. While this forest 
is principally for protection, it should also be a source of revenue as 
a forest. This was shown by the forest survey made l^y the State 
Board of Forestry prior to its purchase. The Board of Forestry is 



40 



The Forests op Maryland. 



co-operating with the City of Frederick in the management of these 
lands. There is nothing of greater importance to the health and pros- 
perity of cities and towns than an abundant supply of pure water. 
This is being recognized and means are being devised to secure it. 
One of the prime requisites is as complete control as possible over the 
watershed from which the water supply is derived. Complete control 
is seldom practicable, but the acquisition of at least the immediate sur- 
roundings of the reservoirs is imperative. It has been fully demon- 
strated that a forest cover for a watershed is the best of all to insure 
freedom from silt, to prevent polution, and to conserve the fullest 
amount of the precipitation. Such forests properly handled are a 
source of revenue without reducing their value for watershed protec- 
tion. Hence the municipal forest should become popular with cities 
and towns, especially where mountain water supplies are possible. 



The State's Forest Arras. 41 



THE STATE'S FOREST AREAS. 
Classified bv Stand of Timber Per Acre. 



COUNTY 



Mixed Hardwoods 

Over '' Cndei- I 
5,000 , 5,ooe ! 
Bd. Ft. Bd. Ft. I 



Pine 



Over 
5,000 
Bd.Pt. 



Acres 



Acres 



Acres 



Under 
5,000 
Bd. Ft. 

Acres 



Hardwood and Pine 



Over I Under 
5,000 j 5,000 
Bd. Ft. i Bd. Ft. 



Acres 



Acres 



Allegany 

Anne Arundel. . 

Baltimore 

Calvert 

Caroline 

Carroll 

Cecil 

Charles 

Dorchester .... 

Frederick 

Garrett 

Harford 

Howard 

Kent 

Montgomery . . 
Prince George 's 
Queen Anne 's. . 

St. Mary's 

Somerset 

Talbot 

Washington . . . 

Wicomico 

Worcester .... 



174 
6,744 
4,301 
8,251 
1,861 
3,532 
2,738 
6,868 
2,458 
3,300 
4,484 
6,303 
9,399 
6,7871 
4,823 
2,122 

1,471 

441 
4,022 
112 
15,869 



128,148 
61,178 
94,659 
39,489 
19,775 
35,401 
50,805 
66,037 
16,395 
87,3.58 

264,112 
75,234 
27,709 
26,063 
59,416 
89,124 
55,359 
35,496 
7,101 
8,251 
56,160 
24,852 
18,241 



78 
74 
96 
76 
34 
99 
100 
43 
14 
99 
98 
99 
96 
97 
94 
72 
94 
31 
10 
19 
83 
23 
22 



8,430 
601 
40 
1,825 



3,158 
9,085 
144 
10,482 
19,206 



5,243 1 
8,182 



1,464 



272 



166 
1,919 
7,896 
6,942 



7,018 
7,902 



13,609 
40,582 
62 
617 
335 
1,536 
443 
2,806 
23,755 
1,840 
22,030 
20,843 
5,185 
599 
35,596 
77,387 



442 



27,115 
2,529 



31,904 


20 


6,829 


7 


3,810 


3 


4,128 


7 


20,167 


32 


359 


1 



79,790 


46 


43,559 


51 


397 


1 


1,277 


1 



31 



5,601 
1,573 



1,270 



483 
1,504 
12,199 
1,874 
58,164 
26,946 
23,430 
11,493 
42,760 
28,783 



10 
3 
49 
48 
55 
16 
39 
19 



The State 



96,060 



1,346,363 



651 



,906 



289,300 



15 



38,561 



399,856 



20 



THE FORESTS OF MARYLAND. 



By Counties. 

In the forest survey of the State every tract of woodland of & 
acres or more was sketched on a topographic base map, on a scale of 
one mile to the inch, and its general characteristics noted. The hard- 
wood stands were divided into three general classes — sapling, culled 
and merchantable — all shown in red on the forest maps, but also in- 
dicated by different arrangement and symbols. 

The sapling class represents the young stands too small to furnish 
a commercial product; the culled class, stands that have either been 
culled or are so immature that logging operations under ordinary con- 
ditions would not be justified. The culled class is divided into three 
sub-classes, according to relative stand of saw-timber per acre. The 
marchantable class represents the hardwood stands containing the 
heavier stands of timber where logging is justified and, as in the culled 
class, three sub-classes are made to indicate the relative stand per 
acre. 

The pine areas in green on the forest maps are classified by species, 
using an initial letter, and as to size of trees into six classes, indicated 
by symbols. Mixtures of hardwood and pine are shown on the forest 
maps by combinations of red and green, the relative composition and 
stand of timber by appropriate characters. A forest map will be 
found in connection with the forest description of each county. 

ALLEGANY COUNTY. 

Allegany, next to the westernmost county of Maryland, extends 
along a narrow stretch of mountain land north of the Potomac River,^ 
which foiTus its southern boundary. From the River, near Cumber- 
land, it is about five miles to the Pennsylvania line, and where Alle- 
gany joins Washington County on the east, it is only six. But at its 
western end the county broadens to a width of nearly twenty miles. 
In point of size it stands fourteenth in the State, but its forested area 
is second only to that of Garrett. 

A succession of prominent ridges 1,000 to 2,500 feet in altitude ex- 
tend in a northeasterly and southwesterly direction from the Pennsyl- 



42 



PLATE VIII. FIG. ],— THE FORESTED WATERSHED. 



In the Catoctin Mountains of Frederick County, heading an important system of municipal supply, 
this portion of the watershed is nearly ideal. It should be kept so. 




PLATE VIII. 111-. i .\ l^KFORESTED WATERSHED. 

Removal of the original forest cover on the surrounding slopes and hills has permitted great 
accumulations of silt to seriously interfere with continued power-production 
at this i30int on the Patapsco River. 



Allegany County. 



43 



vania line to the Potomac River, wliieii receives the entire drainage of 
the county. Various soils occasion several forest types — shales pre- 
dominating in the eastern three-quarters of the county, forming the 
shallow upland soil where most of the forest growth occurs ; on some 
of the higher ridges, limestone, resulting in land well suited to agri- 
cultural and horticultural development; along Dan's Mountain and to 
the west, other soils, made up largely of sandy loam, giving a tree 
growth superior to that occurring on the other soil formations. 

The Forests. 

Sixty-two per cent of the county's area is wooded. Of this, not 
greater than one per cent is virgin forest, the remaining ninety-nine 
per cent having been cut over once, if not several times, since the set- 
tlement of the county about one hundred and fifty years ago. At that 
time virgin woodland covered probably ninety-five per cent of the 
county's total area. The present land in forest has been cut over and 
burned repeatedly, so that its original character has been very greatly 
changed. At the same time the quest for valuable kinds of wood has 
led to a systematic culling of the forests throughout accessible regions, 
with a consequent reduction of merchantable material. This area of 
forest is being still further reduced by the extensive clearing of land 
for fruit growing in the eastern section of the county, and it is to be 
expected that forests will be cleared away for farm crops on small 
areas in other sections. Excessive cutting and fires have almost elimi- 
nated in places certain species that were of the greatest value years 
ago, so that a normal balance cannot be restored except through radi- 
cal changes in prevalent methods of logging, protection, and manage- 
ment. 

Existing forests may be divided into three classes : hardwood, pine, 
and a mixed growtli of each. Hardwood forests cover 128,322 acres, 
or seventy-eight per cent of the wooded area ; pine stands, including a 
small amount of hemlock, are found on 3,164 acres, two per cent of the 
forested area; while the mixed hardwood and pine forests cover 32,- 
346 acres, or twenty per cent of the wooded area. In the total stand 
of saw timber the hardwood forests contain 105,369,000 board feet, 
and the pine 42,073,000, the stumpage found in mixture being combined 
with these two other main classes. According to the forest survey of 
1909 there were only 174 acres of hardwoods in the county having a 
stumpage of 5,000 feet or more to the acre, and 128,148 acres contain- 
ing less; pine of 5,000 board feet or greater occupied 6 acres, and less 
than this, 3,158 ; while mixed stands of pine and hardwood covered 
442 and 31,904 acres, respectively, of over 5,000 and less than 5,000 
board feet. 



44 



The Forests op JVIaryland. 



The pines, of which there are four species — white, pitch, table 
mountain, and scrub — are confined almost altogether to the eastern 
half, where mixtures of the hardwoods with pine, to a lesser extent 
with hemlock, also occur. Further westward these mixed stands are 
found less frequently, until beyond Cumberland and along the Gar- 
rett County line the forest cover is almost exclusively mixed hardwood 
growth. These various forests show three tj^es, a lower slope, an 
upper slope, and a ridge type. "White oak, sugar maple, basswood, 
beech, red oak, ash, and more sparingly hemlock and white pine, 
characterize the first and most important type. The leading species 
of the upper slopes are chestnut, hickory, black birch, red and black 
oaks, and scrub pine. The last and poorest type, on the ridges, shows 
chestnut oak, with pitch and table mountain pines. 

Uses of the Forests. 

The uses of the Allegany County forests are indicated to some ex- 
tent by the three types which characterize their occurrence and 
growth. The woodland on the lower slopes produces the bulk of the 
saw timber; the upper, crossties and other small material; the ridge, 
ties (railroad and mine), tanbark and props. The annual cut of lumber 
in the county is not nearly so great as it was a decade ago, but is still 
an industry of considerable importance, and one now largely kept 
alive by a wide use of the portable mills that are easily removed from 
place to place in search of merchantable material. Altogether, Alle- 
gany County has forty-five sawmill and timber operators, nearly all 
with mills of the portable kind, and though their individual cut is 
relatively small, these operators, as a whole, have an annual produc- 
tion somewhat in excess of 3,000,000 cubic feet. The 45 miles of rail- 
way in the county, as well as the line which follows the southern 
boundary, are important adjimcts to the local timber industry. Al- 
legany does not manufacture a great amount of wood. Lonaeoning, 
Midland, Ellerslie, Frostburg, Mt. Savage, and Cumberland have re- 
tail yards or planing mills which work and sell lumber, from Mary- 
land and West Virginia, to the local trade. In Cumberland alone 
there are nine planing mills and manufacturers of planing mill pro- 
ducts, but other than this, and the large pulp paper mill at Luke, 
local forest industries are those of production rather than of manu- 
facture. 

The chief forest products in order of their relative value and im- 
portance to the county are lumber, mine props, tanbark, crossties, 
poles, lath, pulpwood, shingles, and posts. There is a good market in 
supplying the coal mines in the western section of the county with 



Allegany County. 



45 



props, pit-ties, and timber ; the railroad companies with crossties ; and 
the telephone and telegraph companies with poles. Prices for these 
products are advancing, and there is a certainty of good returns from 
such forest lands as are properly protected and more conservatively 
managed. Growing industries demand an abundant supply of forest 
material, and the production of" local woodlands must be maintained 
to supply their needs. The county, instead of being a heavy importer 
of lumber, mine props and other material, should be exporting large 
amounts of them. The forest area is sufficient and of suitable charac- 
ter for a continued production of $1,000,000 worth of material, an- 
nually, compared with that of $440,754 at the present time. 



46 



The Forests op Maryland. 



Allegany County. 
SUMMARY OF THE LUMBER AND TIMBER CUT.* 



Product. 


Amount. 


Unit Value. t 


Total Value. 


Lumber : Hardwood 


9,175,000 Bd. Ft. 


$18.00 per M 


$165,150 




7,015,000 Bd. Ft. 


15.00 per M 


105,225 




500 Cords 


6.00 per Cord 


3,000 




47,000 


.55 each 


25,850 




3,500 Cords 


3.00 per Cord 


10,500 


Mine Props 


27,000 Tons 


2.50 per Tou 


67,500 


Tan Bark 


4,200 Tons 


9.50 per Ton 


39,900 


Poles 


4,000 


2.75 each 


11,000 


Shingles 


215,000 


4.25 per M 


914 




1,028,000 


3.75 per M 


3,855 


Mine Ties 


50,000 


.15 each 


7,500 


Posts 


2,000 


.18 each 


360 


The County 


3,141,400 Cubic Feet 




$440,754 



Products in order of their importance. t At point of production. 

WOODED AREA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER BY ELECTION DISTRICTS. 



Dist. No. 



1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 

10 
11 
12 
13 
ir, 

16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 



Total 
Land 
Area. 



Acres. 



The County 



40,877 
36,774 
44,190 
185 
5.480 
8,960 
18,682 
11,994 
3,805 
2,877 
1,526 
2,024 
16,378 
5,281 
18,800 
6,539 
4,.521 
1,812 
6,134 
12,175 
4,390 
2,516 
3,587 
1,582 
1,575 
3,363 
336 



266,363 



Wooded 
Area. 



Acrea. 



29,424 
22,008 
28,407 
44 
2,346 
5,562 
13,395 
8,737 
1,183 
1,071 
885 
355 
8,439 
3,842 
11,340 
4,752 
2,217 
885 
4,826 
5,622 
1,313 
1,363 
1,239 
879 
1,108 
2,410 
181 



Per Cent 
Wooded. 



% 



163,832 



72 
60 
64 
24 
43 
62 
66 
73 
31 
37 
58 
17 
50 
72 
60 
72 
49 
49 
78 
47 
30 
26 
31 
55 
70 
39 
54 



62 



Stand of Saw Timber in Boai'd Feet 
(Doyle Log Rule). All Trees 
More Thau Nine Inches in 
Diameter. 



Hardwood 
M Bd. Ft. 



10,872 
7,894 
15,297 
10 
2,981 
2,823 
11,251 
5,971 
1,056 
841 
1,089 
499 
9,816 
3,400 
2,735 
4,676 
1,870 
858 
4,822 
6,298 
1,609 
1,510 
1,323 
879 
2,864 
1,962 
163 



Pine 
M Bd. Ft. 



16,109 
8,183 
8,108 

6,257 
3,474 



Total 
M Bd. Ft. 



123 
176 



157 
,891 
284 
311 



105.369 



42,073 



26,981 
16,077 
23,405 
10 
9,238 
6,297 
11,251 
5,971 
1,056 
841 
1,089 
499 
9,939 
3,400 
2,911 
4,676 
1,870 
858 
4,979 
15,189 
1,893 
1,821 
1,323 
879 
2,864 
1,962 
163 



Stumpage Value. 



Hardwood 
$3.50 
per M. 



147,442 



$38,052 
27,629 
53,539 
350 
10,434 
9,880 
39,379 
20,898 
3,696 
2,944 
3,811 
1,747 
34,356 
11,900 
9,572 
16,366 
6,545 
3,003 
16,877 
22,043 
5,632 
5,285 
4,630 
3,077 
10,024 
6,867 
571 



$369,107 



Pine 
$4.00 
per M. 



$64,436 
32,732 
32,432 



25,028 
13,896 



492 
704 



628 
35,564 
1,136 
1,244 



$208,292 



Total 



$577,399 



ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY. 



Anne Arundel is the northernmost county of "southern Mary- 
land." It lies wholly within the coastal plain area, and partakes of 
the general nature of the coastal plain soil formation. Since the 
northwestern part of the county lies adjacent to the Piedmont region, 
the indigenous plant and tree life are in part characteristic of the 
Piedmont, and partly of the coastal plain types. The main physical 
features of the county are a succession of low, rounded hills and deep 
ravines, particularly in the northern two-thirds of the county ; a large 
per cent of sandy soil, and a long waterfront adjacent to Chesapeake 
Bay on the east, the South River, the Severn and the Magothy form- 
ing deep indentations from the Bay ; and the Patuxent River extend- 
ing along almost the entire western boundary. 

The Forests. 

The wooded area of the county consists of thirty-four per cent of 
the total land area, with a greater amount of woodland in the central 
and north-central parts of the county than is found in the southern 
and extreme northern parts, where the land is more generally culti- 
vated. The most notable feature of forest distribution is that the 
woodlands are invariably found along ravines and streams, occasional- 
ly extending back upon the higher lands. The soil is usually very 
light, and washes badly on steep slopes, so that the forests along these 
streams and hollows are in reality protection forests, although serving 
at the same time for the production of timber. 

The county's wooded areas have been continually reduced, and are 
now confined in large part to non-ag-ricultural situations. As a rule, 
the woodlands are in small, irregular patches which are almost ex- 
clusively the property of farmers.. Originally, this county was prac- 
tically covered with forests of hardwoods, with which were interming- 
led small stands of pine. As the population increased, and the settle- 
ments advanced from the watercourses, the first forests rapidly dimin- 
ished in area until about fifty years ago, when the turning-point was 
reached, and since that time more land has grown up in forests than 
has been cleared. As a rule, pine forests represent the land that was 
once cleared for crops, and later on abandoned ; the light-seeded pines 
quickly took possession of such areas, and the age of the resulting 



47 



48 



The Forests op Maryland. 



forests is a good index of the time when such lands ceased to be culti- 
vated. 

Existing forests are largely of the hardwood type, consisting of 
oaks, chestnut, hickory, gum, tulip poplar, maple, and a variety of 
others in varying proportions. The gum, particularly the red or sweet 
gum, is found on the moist soils usually associated with maple, black 
gum and beech, while the yellow poplar and the more valuable oaks 
occur on the lower slopes, chestnut generally occupying the higher and 
dryer situations. Pine stands comprise only 19 per cent of the total 
wooded area, there being but two kinds of pine in the county, the very 
common scrub, or spruce pine, and the pitch pine, often described as 
foxtail pine. Stands of hardwood include 74 per cent of the total area 
in woodland, with the remaining 7 per cent in mixed stands of hard- 
wood and pine. On the 92,266 acres of forest land there is a stand of 
128,517,000 board feet of saw timber. Hardwood timber amounting 
to 5,000 or more board feet per acre occupies 6,744 acres, and hard- 
woods of less than that, 61,178 acres; pine stands of 5,000 feet or more 
represent an acreage of 8,430, and less than this, 9,085 ; while mixed 
stands of each, all of them less than 5,000 feet per acre, cover 6,829 
acres. 

Uses op the Forests. 

It is estimated that the number of persons finding continuous em- 
ployment in the forest industries of Anne Arundel county is about 
375, or a proportionately greater number for shorter periods of time, 
and that these several industries represent capital invested of $400,- 
000. Raw products sold are valued at $130,099, and those manufac- 
tured at $60,000 more. The producers give employment to about 
three-fourths of the total labor employed, and represent about one- 
half the total capital. They are well distributed over the entire coun- 
ty, but the manufacturers are restricted to two districts, Annapolis 
and Brooklyn. 

Producers of wood comprise twenty-two timber operators, a few 
getting out ties, telephone poles, piling and special products, but the 
majority of them cutting lumber. There are six sawmills which may 
be classed as permanent or stationary, and the remainder are the 
small portable mills, which move about from place to place, cutting 
timber where they can find it. The operators send their products 
over the 88 miles of railroad in the county to nearby inland points, 
or market them via the water route in New York, Philadelphia and 
Baltimore. In the City of Annapolis there are four firms which deal 
in lumber, handle builders' supplies and do manufacturing of such 
general planing mill products as sash, doors and blinds, and at Brook- 



Anne Aeundel County. 



49 



lyn, East Brookljm and Curtis Bay are two yards, a box factory and a 
large ear and foundry manufactory. The lumber and timber cut dis- 
poses annually of 1,099,610 cubic feet of wood, while so-called wood- 
using industries require yearly more than 1,500,000 cubic feet. Of 
this last, 11 per cent is locally produced, showing that in the markets 
for Anne Arundel county wood there is opportunity for some develop- ' 
ment. 

The cut from the present forested area exceeds the growth by 86.8 
per cent ; salable wood and timber in different forms brought $130,099 
to county residents in the year 1914, while other products not sold but 
used at home were worth as much or more to the farmers who were 
the chief users. With practical, up-to-date methods of agriculture 
extended to include the woodlot, present revenues may be increased 
and assured. Eight handling may double present production, but 
without such care the returns from the sale and use of forest products 
will manifest a steady decrease. The present area of forest land wiU 
be reduced, as it should be, by the clearing of land which may grow 
good crops, but it should in every case be offset by better management, 
and the reforestation of some, at least, of the 42,000 acres of Anne 
Arundel soils now classed as waste. 



50 



The Forests op Maryland. 



Anne Arundel County. 
SUMMAEY OF THE LUMBER AND TIMBER CUT. 



Product. 


Amount. 


L^nit Value. 


Total ValiiA 




1,596,000 


Board Feet 


$18.00 


per M 






370,000 


Board Feet 


15.00 


per M 


5,550 




1,700 


Cords 


6.00 


per Cord 


10,200 




■ 500 


Cords 


7.00 


per Cord 


3,500 


Railroad Ties: 












White Oak 


15,894 




.70 


each 


11,125 


Mixed Oak , 


15,884 




.50 


each 


7,942 




32,116 




.20 


each 


6,423 


Piles 


180,000 


Lineal Feet 


.10 


per Foot 


18,000 




2,700 


Cords 


3.25 


per Cord 


8,775 




200 


Tons 


2.50 


per Ton 


500 




5,175 




3.00 


each 


15,525 




225,000 




4.25 


per M 


956 




10,500 




.15 


each 


1,575 




210,000 


Board Feet 


30.00 


per M 


6,300 




50,000 


Bushels 


.10 


per Bushel 


5,000 


The County 


1,099,610 


Cubic Feet 




$130,099 



"WOODED AREA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER BY ELECTION DISTRICTS. 



Dist. No. 


Total 
Land 
Area. 


Wooded 
Area. 


Per Cent 
Wooded. 


Stand of S: 
(Doyle 
More 
Diamet 


j,w Timber in Board Feet 
Log Rule). All Trees 
Than Nine Inches in 
er. 


Stumpage Value. 




Acres. 


Acres. 


% 


Hardwood 
M Bd. Ft. 


Pine 
M Bd. Ft. 


Total 
MBd. Ft. 


Hardwood 
$4.50 
per M. 


Pine 
$5.00 
per M. 


Total 
$ 


1 


46,200 


9,401 


20 


16,342 


391 


16,733 


$73,539 


$1,955 


$75,494 


2 


49,500 


20,290 


41 


26,309 


1,087 


27,396 


118,390 


5,435 


123,826 


3 


60,610 


26,100 


43 


25,280 


718 


25,998 


113,760 


3,590 


117,350 


4 


54,700 


25,472 


46 


21,756 


3,814 


25,570 


97,902 


19,070 


116,972 


5 


24,290 


5,400 


22 


17,769 


175 


17,944 


79,961 


875 


80,835 


6 


39,200 


5,603 


14 


14,858 


18 


14,876 


66,861 


90 


66,951 


The County 


274,500 


92,266 


34 


122,314 


6,203 


128,517 


$550,413 


$31,015 


$581,428 



BALTIMORE COUNTY. 

Baltimore County is in the north-central portion of the State, ad- 
jacent to Baltimore City, and extends northward to Pennsylvania. 
The Gunpowder River and the Little Gunpowder form three-fourth's 
of the county's eastern boundary, the Patapsco the southern and half 
of the western boundaries. With the exception of a small portion of 
the southeastern part, which lies in the Coastal Plain Division, the 
county is in the Piedmont Plateau. That portion in the Coastal Plain 
is somewhat flat, generally sandy as to soil, and in other ways charac- 
teristic of the tidewater regions; while the remainder of the county 
consists of rolling land gradually inci-easing in elevation toward the 
north. Nearly all is well adapted to dairying and general farming, 
and while most of the county is veiy suitable for agriculture, there 
are certain rich, extensive valleys which constitute especially the prin- 
cipal farming centers — the Green Spring, Dulaney, Worthington, and 
Long Green Valleys being the most important of these. 

The Forests. 

Of the county's total land area, 24 per cent is woodland, and with 
the exception of the farming valleys named above the forests are quite 
evenly distributed. There are few extensive wooded areas, the forests 
being principally confined to woodlots which vary from 10 to 100 acres 
in extent. The value of the land for farming purposes precludes the 
use of most of it for forest, and large continuous bodies of woodland 
are rare except in the lower eastern section of the county. Here, ad- 
jacent to Back and Middle Rivers, and the Gunpowder, occur con- 
siderable areas of hardwood forests, together with smaller tracts of 
mixed hardwoods and pine. The few pure stands of scrub pine, the 
only conifer common to the county, are found here also, and as a 
whole the tidewater section is weU forested. 

While there is little pine timber in Baltimore County, there is 
much valuable hardwood growth — white, red, scarlet, and black oaks, 
tulip poplar, hickory, chestnut, ash, and black walnut. In northern 
Baltimore county the forests are largely of chestnut, and here, since 
its beginning in Maryland, the blight has made serious inroads. Hard- 
woods constitute 96 per cent of the whole wooded area, pure pine 1 



51 



52 



The Forests of Maryland. 



per cent, mixed stands of each. 3 per cent. It was shown by the survey 
of 1910 that there are 4,301 acres of mixed hardwood which contain 
5,000 board feet or more per acre, and 94,659 acres containing hard- 
wood stands of less than 5,000 feet ; on the pine lands there are stands 
of 5,000 feet or more on 601 acres, and of less than this on 144; while 
mixed hardwood and pine are all less than 5,000 feet to the acre, with 
a total area of 3,810 acres. 

Uses op the Forests. 

The cut of approximately 30 mills in Baltimore County, most of 
them of the portable kind, supplemented by that of numerous individ- 
ual timber operators, many of them with woodlots of their own, 
amounted in 1914 to 2,119,584 cubic feet of wood, with a value at 
points of production of $308,186. Of this, of course, lumber repre- 
sented the major pai't, followed by railroad ties, poles, pulpwood, 
cordwood, piling, export wood, shingles, fence posts, tanbark, mine 
props, and lath. Baltimore County has the greatest mileage in rail- 
way lines of any county in the State. One railroad follows the south- 
west border for about 18 miles; there are 111 miles of five different 
lines in the county itself; and a large additional mileage in the elec- 
tric lines which extend from Baltimore City in all directions. The re- 
sult is a large demand and a good price for railroad ties, and as these 
are a product for which the county has many suitable woods, the cut- 
ting of cross-ties is an important local industry. There is enough 
chestnut in the county, and a sufficient number of pole-lines, to make 
poles a considerable product, while cordwood is characterized by a 
heavy demand and a profitable market. Convenient railway lines and 
extensive highways in an improved condition make practically all of 
the county's forests accessible for remunerative logging operations. 

There are a total of eight retail yards located in the county at 
some distance from Baltimore City — Towson, Upper Falls, Arlington, 
Lauraville and Evergreen, all having one or more, in some cases with 
a small planing mill in connection for doing custom work. Within a 
few miles of the center of Baltimore are located the State 's most im- 
portant wood-using industries, in all nearly two hundred firms which 
use or handle wood in some form, and which are of incalculable bene- 
fit to the county in the way of products sold and wages paid. 

The woodlands are, for the greater part, well tended and carefully 
protected. Many of them form parts of large estates, and while their 
management may be guided as much by aesthetic as by commercial 
tastes, it is still a desirable condition for the count}'. There are resi- 
dent Forest Wardens in practically every wooded section, and it has 



PLATE IX. PIG. 1.— KEG STAVES FROM CJI K.STA T L' 



A Central Maryland industry^ it offers another way for successful utilization of blighted trees. 
The chestnut stave is wear-resistant in service. 




Large sizes in this red oak lumber, a high-grade product, are sawed and saved for dimension ; 
smaller pieces are cut up by the portable mill for chair leg stock, 
this method giving excellent utilization, 



Baltimore County. 



53 



of late years been possible for them, through the general co-operation 
of local woodland owners, to reduce to a minimum the damage from 
forest fires. Land values in this county are high, and owners of forest 
cannot afford to manage that property with less care and skill than 
they must give to other portions of their estates and farms. The cut 
now about equals the growth, and present excellent conditions contin- 
uing, there is no reason why a considerable revenue may not always be 
taken from Baltimoi*e Coiinty's woodlands. 



54 



The Forests of Maryland. 



Bai/timoee County. 
SUMMARY OF THE LUMBER AND TIMBER CUT. 



Product. 




Amount. 


Unit Value. 


Total Value. 




8,570,000 Board Feet 


iti T D A A H T 

$18.00 per M 


$154,260 


oottwood 


100,000 Board -beet 


15.00 per M 


1,500 




1,000 Cords 


6.00 per Cord 


6,000 


Poplar and Gum. 


1,750 Cords 


7.00 per Cord 


12,250 


Sxcbliryjci'il Xico. 








Whit« Oat 


33,050 


.65 each 


21,482 




59,376 


.45 each 


26,719 




49,893 


.20 each 


9,979 




158,000 Lineal Feet 


.10 per Foot 


15,800 




4,600 Cords 


3.50 per Cord 


16,100 




150 Tons- 


2.50 per Ton 


375 


Tan Bark 


70 Tons 


8.50 per Ton 


595 


Poles 


11,175 


3.00 each 


33,525 




750,000 


4.25 per M 


3,187 




25,000 


3.25 per M 


81 




18,420 


.15 each 


2,763 




119,000 Board Feet 


30.00 per M 


3,570 


The County 


2,119,584 Cubic Feet 




$308,186 



WOODED AREA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER BY ELECTION DISTRICTS. 



Dist. No. 



1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 



The County 



Total 
Land 
Area. 



Acres. 



17,460 
28,750 
20,820 
37,580 
28,290 
22,870 
52,670 
41,273 
23,370 
30,980 
42,930 
8,180 
9,178 
14,180 
23,650 



403,181 



Wooded 
Area. 



Acres. 



5,164 
8,744 
4,820 
8,624 
4,487 
7,089 
8,142 
9,207 
5,160 
6,120 

14,413 
873 
1,186 
3,087 

16,399 



103,515 



Per Cent 
Wooded. 



% 



30 
29 
23 
23 
16 
31 
15 
22 
22 
20 
34 
11 
13 
27 
69 



24 



Stand of Saw Timber in Board Feet 
(Doyle Log Rule). All Trees 
More Than Nine Inches in 
Diameter. 



Hardwood 
M Bd. Ft. 



8,529 
18,497 
11,241 
20,841 
10,145 

8,475 
10,485 
24,330 
14,333 
14,325 
30,427 
668 

1,525 

4,696 
22,835 



201,352 



Pine 
M Bd. Ft. 



24 



36 
155 
396 



56 



1,152 



102 
6,070 



7,991 



Total 
M Bd. Ft. 



8,553 
18,497 
11,277 
20,996 
10,541 

8,475 
10,541 
24,330 
14,333 
14,325 
31,579 
668 

1,525 

4,798 
28,905 



209,343 



Stumpage Value. 



Hardwood 
$5.00 
per M. 



$42,645 
92,485 
56,205 

104,205 
50,725 
42,375 
52,425 

121,650 
71,665 
71,625 

152,135 
3,340 
7,625 
23,480 

114,175 



$1,006,760 



Pine 
$5.00 
per M. 



$120 



180 
775 



280 



5,760 



510 
30,350 



$39,955 



Total 



$42,765 
92,485 
56,385 

104,980 
52,705 
42,375 
52,705 

121,650 
71,665 
71,625 

157,895 
3,340 
7,625 
23,990 

144,525 



$1,046,715 



CALVERT COUNTY. 



Calvert, the smallest County in the State, is one of the group of 
southern Maryland Counties lying between the Chesapeake Bay on 
the east and the Patuxeut River on the west. The County's chief 
topographic feature is a ridge which extends from north to south, of 
which the greatest elevation is 200 feet, from that sloping down to the 
Patuxent on one side and Chesapeake Bay on the other. The greater 
part of the drainage is westward to the Patuxent River, which is navi- 
gable along the County's entire border. The local soil is for the most 
part light, sandy loam, though ranging from pure sand along the 
shore line to a clay loam in the east-central part. 

■ The Forests. 

The County's present wogded area amounts to 45 per cent, and 
since this region has been settled for longer than 250 years the pres- 
ent line of demarkation between forest and farm has become clearly 
defined. Of the three classes of forest shown on the map — hardwood, 
pine, and mixed hardwood and pine — ^there are certain sub-divisions 
growing out of the many variations of topography and soil. At pres- 
ent the forests which comprise nearly half the land area are rather 
uniformly distributed along the streams and ravines, where they fol- 
low the drainage contours closely. The light soil is subject to erosion 
wherever steep slopes occur, and consequently experience has shown 
that such lands are best retained in forest. As these slopes and 
stream beds constitute a large percentage of the total area, it is likely 
that nearly all of the present forested areas will be continued in 
forest. Indeed, for the past forty years, more land, once deforested, 
has been allowed to naturally revert to pine than has been newly 
cleared during that period. The Patuxent River side of the County 
has the larger percentage of cleared land, the amount of woodland 
also decreasing in going from the southern end of the County toward 
the north. 

The forest survey made in 1909 showed that of the wooded area 76 
per cent is hardwood forest, 17 per cent pine, and the remainder, 7 
per cent, mixed pine and hardwood. In the mixed hardwood, 8,251 
acres support stands of 5,000 board feet or over to the acre, and 39,- 
489 acres of less than this ; 40 acres contain stands of pine and cypress 

55 



56 



The Forests of MARyL-\j^D. 



in excess of 5,000 feet, and 10,482 of less ; while 4,128 acres, all below 
5,000 feet, are in mixed hardwood and pine. On the more or less 
steep sides of ravines and streams a slope type of woodland is found: 
consisting of chestnut, white and red oaks, and hickory — on the upper 
slopes; tulip poplar, gum, ash, elm, and willow — on the lower. The 
bottom type occurs along the creeks where there is little fall, being 
composed of ash, elm, sycamore, red maple, and red gum. A third, 
known as the old-field type, may be distinguished frequently on 
cleared fields that have been abandoned. These have usually grown 
up in pine, the predominating species being lobloUy and scrub pines, 
except in the southern part of the County, where the growth is more 
often of scrub pine only. 

Uses of the Forests. 

A variety of products is derived from the Calvert County forests 
annually, contributing a total revenue of over $200,000. The amount 
cut aggregates nearly one and one-half million cubic feet, which is a 
little greater than the estimated annual increment of all the forests in 
the County. The local forest products are in part the output of 20 
mills which are in operation here, and for the rest they represent the 
cut of many individual timber operators and farmers, the latter of 
whom contribute heavily to what is taken from the forests, selling, 
however, only a part of it, and Using the remainder on their farms. 
In point of value lumber ranks first, with railroad ties, piling, cord- 
wood, mine props, poles, export logs, and shingles following in the 
order named. 

Manufacturers of wood and dealers in lumber are not numerous - 
in this County, and the local timber business is largely in the hands 
of the sawmill men and individual operators. These producers enjoy 
the immense advantage of easy accessibility to nearby markets, in that 
no portion of the County is farther than five miles from navigable 
water, while an improved highway passes directly through it from 
north to south. There is also some railroad transportation, though 
limited to but 10 miles which pass through east and west in the ex- 
treme northern part. 

The forests of Calvert County have been culled repeatedly, and 
the few heavy stands that still exist are found chiefly in the central 
and south-central portions. Destmctive lumbering has been carried 
on here for many years and most of the cutting that has been con- 
ducted throughout the County has been wasteful in method, and im- 
provident where it concerned a future supply. Fortunately forest 
fires, prevalent and prejudicial to good forests in many sections of 



Calvert County. 



57 



the State, are seldom experienced here, so that with the new and 
superior stand of young growth now coming up there exists a cheince 
for improvement in the County's woodland. Present cutting and an- 
nual growth are not far from equal. With judicious handling they 
may be kept so, at the same time that the cut is increased and new 
markets in this important trade developed. 



58 



The Forests op Marylaistd. 



Calvert CtouNTY. 
STJMMAEY OF THE LUMBER AND TIMBER CUT. 



Product. 


Amount. 


Unit Value. 


Total Value. 




4,020,000 


Board 


Feet 


$18.00 per M 


$72,360 




1,005,000 


Board 


Feet 


15.00 per M 


15,075 




1,650 


Cords 




6.00 per Cord 


9,900 




112,000 






.50 each 


56,000 




215,000 


Lineal 


Feet 


.10 per Foot 


21,500 




2,750 


Cords 




3.00 per Cord 


8,250 




2,800 


Tons 




2.50 per Ton 


7,000 




1,800 






2.75 each 


4,950 




840,000 






4.25 per M 


3,570 




10,000 






3,25 per M 


32 




800 






.15 each 


120 




128,000 


Board 


Feet 


30.00 per M 


3,840 


The County 


1,448,475 


Cubic 


Feet 




$202,597 



WOODED AREA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER BY ELECTION DISTRICTS. 



Dist. No. 


Total 
Land 
Area. 


Wooded 
Area. 


Per Cent 
Wooded. 


Stand of Saw Timber in Board Feel 
(Doyle Log Rule). All Trees 
More Than Nine Inches in 
Diameter. 


Situmpage Valu 


e. 


Acres. 


Acres. 


% 


Hardwood 
M Bd. Ft. 


Pine 
M Bd. Ft. 


Total 
M Bd. Ft. 


Hardwood 
$4.00 
perM. 


Pine 
$4.00 
per M. 


Total 
$ 


1 
2 
3 


48,374 
42,496 
48,462 


26,839 
16,931 
18,620 


56 
40 
39 


24,583 
28,818 
17,485 


5,197 
1,461 
1,094 


29,780 
30,279 
18,579 


$98,332 
115,272 
69,942 


$20,788 
5,844 
4,374 


$119,120 
121,116 
74,316 


The County 


139,332 


62,390 


45 


70,886 


7,752 


78,638 


$283,546 


$31,006 


$314,552 



CAROLINE COUNTY. 



Caroline County lies well in the central part of the eastern shore 
peninsula. The land is comparatively flat, the average elevation vary- 
ing only from about 10 feet along the Choptank River to 75 in the 
northern end of the county. The soils are for the most part sandy 
loam, with a large acreage suitable for farming, as well as much that 
is capable when rightly handled of producing excellent stands of 
merchantable pine. 

The Forests. 

At the present time forest lands are somewhat evenly disti"ibuted 
over the County, with the exception of the central part at Denton, 
Ridgely, and Goldsboro, where there has been extensive clearing of 
land in recent years. The total wooded area is now but 30 per cent. 
The northern third of the County lies in the hardwood belt, while in 
the remainder pure stands of pine predominate, with frequent areas 
of pine and hardwood forests in mixture. The hardwood forests are 
made up principally of several kinds of oak, red and black gum, tulip 
poplar, and hickory. The gums and maple, with willow and pin 
oaks, occur in the swamp lands, while the white and red oaks and hick- 
ory are found on well-drained soils. Although only two are abundant, 
several species of pine occur in the County. Of these, loblolly pine 
is easily the most valuable as well as common, the next in importance 
being scrub or spruce pine, which is found in the central part of the 
County and, to a limited extent, in the southern part as well. 

The great progress which this County has made in agriculture 
within the last decade has had a marked influence upon forest dis- 
tribution. The better soils have been, and are still being, rapidly 
cleared, and the local demand for timber has caused severe culling 
and a heavy drain upon the forest. In the mixed pine and hardwood 
stands, which form so large a part of the forest throughout the central 
and southern portions of the County, the pine has generally been 
taken. Less valuable hardwoods are left, and this process has natur- 
ally and very materially changed the composition of the forests, and 
brought about in them a marked deterioration. It is probable that 
when the new young stands of hardwood mature and are cut, that 
pine will very generally return, as it is a species which quickly re- 
seeds openings where soil is suitable. Outside of the swampy areas 
where gum, maples and water oak predominate, the soil is usually well 



59 



60 



The Forests op Maryland. 



adapted to pine. Stands of hardwood and of pine are very evenly 
matched so far as their extent is concerned, there being 34 per cent 
of each in the County's wooded area, while the remaining 32 per cent 
is comprised of a mixed stand of each. The forest survey of 1910 in- 
dicated that of the total area in woodland, 1,861 acres contain stands 
of hardwood in excess of 5,000 feet per acre, while the much greater 
total of 19,775 acres has stands of less than this; pine stands of 5,000 
feet or more occupy 1,825 acres, with 19,206 acres or less; while 20,- 
167 acres represent the area in mixed, stands, all of which fall under 
5,000 feet per acre. 

Uses of the Forests. 
The timber cut of Caroline County for the past five years has, con- 
sidering the County's size, been exceptionally large, but is now rapid- 
ly becoming less as the result of timber exhaustion which seems to be 
quite general. In 1914 the 61 sawmills, and probably many more in- 
dividual operators among the landowners and farmers, produced a 
total of 1,546,000 cixbic feet of wood, with a value at the mill or ship- 
ping point of $178,654. In this County as in the rest, lumber is the 
most important of its forest products, both in amount and value, it 
being followed by cordwood, piling, mine props, railroad ties, pulp- 
wood, poles, lath, shingles, and fence posts. There was also a large 
amount of veneer included in the total lumber cut, there being a con- 
siderable demand for such material because of the number of local 
concerns using fruit and vegetable packages made up of cheap 
veneers. In fact, the falling off in the County's present timber cut is 
having a marked influence upon these separate industries, as the 
boxes, crates, baskets, and construction material which they require 
for canning, trucking, and building cannot be obtained elsewhere as 
advantageously as they may be at home. There are 7 retail yards and 
4 planing miUs which are well distributed over the County, they being 
located at Denton, Goldsboro, Greensboro, Preston, and Eidgely; at 
Greensboro and Ridgely are plants manufacturing crates and baskets, 
box factories at Denton, Federalsburg, and Preston. Wood-using in- 
dustries are well represented in this County, as they should be in a 
section where timber production and timber growing are both of im- 
portance. 

Transportation facilities are excellent for marketing forest pro- 
ducts, and there is little of the County's timber which cannot be used 
because it is inaccessible. The Choptank River is navigable as far as 
Denton, the County seat, and 4 lines of railway traverse Caroline 
County for a total of 45 miles. No section is farther than 7 miles 
from a railroad, which, together with the considerable number of im- 
proved macadam roads extending in all directions, gives to the entire 
County excellent means of transportation. 




PLATE X. PIG. 2.~HIGH-GRADE MARYLAND POPLAR. 



Large yellow poplar logs like these, with black walnut, are used whenever obtainable by local 
manufacturers of first-quality veneers ; and considerable quantities of these 
woods, in the log, are normally demanded by the export trade. 



Caroline County. 



61 



Caroline County. 
SUMMAEY OF THE LUMBER AND TIMBEE CUT. 



Product. 


Amount. 


Unit Value. 


Total Value, 


Lumber: Hardwood 


4,300,000 Board Feet 


$18.00 per M 


$77,400 




3,150,000 Board Feet 


15.00 per M 


47,250 




450 Cords 


5.50 per Cord 


2,475 




6,500 


.60 each 


3,900 




20,000 


.10 per Foot 


2,000 


Pine 


100,000 


.10 per Foot 


10,000 




7,800 Cords 


3.00 per Cord 


23,400 




3,000 Tons 


2.75 per Ton 


8,250 


Poles 


1,200 


2.00 each 


2,400 


Shingles 


112,000 


4.50 per M 


504 


Lath 


200,000 


3.50 per M 


700 




2,500 


.15 each 


375 


The County 


1,546,000 Cubic Feet 




. $178,654 



WOODED AEEA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBEE BY ELECTION DISTEICTS. 



Dist. No. 


Total 
Land 
Area. 


Wooded 
Area. 


Per Cent 
Wooded. 


Stand of Saw Timber in Board Feet 
(Doyle Log Eule). All Trees 
More Than Nine Inches in 
Diameter. 


atumpage Valu 


1 

e. 




Acres. 


Acres. 


% 


Hardwood 
M Bd. Ft. 


Pine 
M Bd. Ft. 


Total 
MBd. Ft. 


Hardwood 
$4.00 
per M. 


Pine 
$5.00 
per M. 


Total 
$ 


1 


22,840 


6,138 


27 


3,504 


2,320 


5,824 


$14,016 


$11,600 


$25,616 


2 


33,210 


10,283 


31 


6,943 


4,802 


11,745 


27,772 


24,010 


51,782 


3 


28,970 


10,993 


38 


7,687 


11,445 


19,132 


30,748 


57,225 


87,973 


4 


32,590 


8,777 


27 


2,032 


17,768 


19,800 


8,128 


88,840 


96,968 


5 


21,650 


8,167 


38 


2,782 


11,374 


14,156 


11,128 


56,870 


67,998 


6 


24,040 


5,318 


25 


2,578 


5,191 


7,769 


10,312 


25,995 


36,307 


7 


16,760 


3,656 


22 


2,231 


1,217 


3,448 


8,924 


6,085 


15,009 


8 


28,290 


9,502 


34 


3,520 


7,745 


11,265 


14,080 


38,725 


52,805 


The County 


208,350 


62,834 


30 


31,277 


61,862 


93,139 


$125,108 


$309,350 


$434,458 



CAEROLL COUNTY. 



Carroll County lies in the Piedmont section of the northern cen- 
tral portion of the State. It is distinctly an agricultural County, 
since only 13 per cent of it is forest, and 76 per cent improved farm 
land in a high state of cultivation. The surface is somewhat broken 
by irregular valleys and rounded hills, with Parr's Ridge, the most 
prominent elevation, extending northeast and southwest through the 
central part of the County. Along this ridge, and to the east of it, 
occurs by far the larger portion of the County's woodlands. 

The Forests. 

Local woodlands consist for the greater part of woodlots owned 
by farmers, and confined to the lands not readily arable. The good 
soils of the county are reflected in the forest growth, which is excep- 
tional, and marked by tall and well-proportioned trees. The forests 
are principally hardwood, with a few woodlots in the western part in 
which mixed hardwoods and pine occur. The principal commercial 
species are white and red oaks, tulip poplar, hickory, and chestnut 
The latter is abundant on Parr's Ridge and the hills northeast of 
"Westminster, though not of frequent occurrence in other portions of 
the county. It has been so severely attacked by the blight that it is 
not likely to possess much commercial importance in the future. 

The forests of Carroll County are chiefly noteworthy for the very 
high percentage of hardwood timber which they contain. The forest 
survey of the County's woodlands, made in 1911, shows that 1 per 
cent only is in mixed pine and hardwood, the remaining 99 per cent 
being pure hardwoods in either culled or merchantable stands. Of this, 
3,513 acres have stands of hardwood amounting to 5,000 feet or more 
per acre, with 35,401 acres of hardwood amounting to less than this; 
only 359 acres are in hardwood and pine, and all of this in stands of 
less than 5,000 feet. 

Uses of the Forests. 

Forest products obtained annually from this limited area of wood- 
land amount in value to $118,800, in volume to 991,960 cubic feet. 
This represents the cut of 25 mill and timber operators, nearly aU of 



63 



64 



The Forests op Marylajstd. 



the former employing portable mills. Lumber ranks first in order of 
production and value, with railroad ties second, and cordwood third. 
Then follow, in order of relative importance, poles, shingles, pulp- 
wood, tanbark, posts and export logs. These forest products are 
made readily accessible by 55 miles of railway lines in the County, 
and 17 additional along its southern border. There are also numer- 
ous improved highways which give access to all parts of the County 
and furnish cheap means of transportation for the hauling and mark- 
eting of forest products. There are 17 retail yards, located at Hamp- 
stead, Keymar, Linwood, Mt. Airy, New Windsor, Sykesville, Taney- 
town, Union Bridge, and "Westminster, while the manufacturing part 
of the business is represented by only a planing mill at Mt. Airy, saw 
and shingle mills at Woodbine, some cooperage work and wagon build- 
ing at Westminster. 

In general the stand of timber per acre is good, due to the rich 
soil and protection from forest fires, in which respect Carroll ranks 
fifth among the counties. The timber values are correspondingly 
high, and there exists a stable local demand. Since the woodlots are 
more or less isolated, and protected by the owners, fires are infre- 
quent, and the present tendency is toward the production of good 
timber. In an agricultural sense Carroll County is highly developed, 
and proper management of its wooded area cannot help but contri- 
bute substantially to its general prosperity along these lines. 

The forest products of this County will of course never be of para- 
mount importance because of the restricted area devoted to forest 
culture, but the per acre production shovild be high because of good 
soil and the intensive methods which generally prevail. The native 
tree species which are reproduced are of high commercial value, the 
fire danger is well under control, and the farmer with his relatively 
small woodlot is in a position to give careful attention to it. The 
present annual cut of 991,960 cubic feet on the 39,292 acres in forest 
represents very nearly the annual increment, and this cut may be 
maintained under present methods. Improved means of handling the 
forests — complete fire protection, better systems of cutting to favor 
the young growth, elimination of unprofitable trees, and restricted 
grazing of the woodlands — would in a few years increase present pro- 
duction 60 per cent. There is generally a good local demand for wood 
and timber, favoring close utilization and a profitable forest man- 
agement. 



Carroll County. 



65 



Oaeroll County. 
SUMMARY OF THE LUMBER AND TIMBER CUT. 



Product. 


Amount. 


Unit Value. 


Total Value. 




2,490,000 Board Feet 


$18.00 per M 


$44,820 


Chestnut 


1,410,000 Board Feet 


15.00 per M 


21,150 




300 Cords 


6.50 per Cord 


1,950 


Railroad Ties: 










19,000 - 


.65 each 


12,350 




19,000 


.45 each 


8,500 




19,000 


.20 each 


3,800 




4,500 


3.50 per Cord 


15,750 


Tan Bark 


180 Tons 


8.50 per Ton 


1,530 




1,800 


3.00 each 


5,400 




500,000 


4.50 per M 


2,250 




3,500 


.20 each 


.700 




20,000 Board Feet 


30.00 per M 


'eoo 


The County 


991,960 Cubic Feet 




$118,800 



WOODED AREA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER BY ELECTION DISTRICTS. 



Dist. No. 


Total 
Land 
Area. 


Wooded 
Area. 


Per Cent 
Wooded. 


Stand of Saw Timber in 
(Doyle Log Rule). 
More Than Nine 
Diameter. 


Board Feet 
All Trees 
Inches in 


Stumpage Value. 




Acres. 


Acres. 


% 


1 

Hardwood 
M Bd. Ft. 


Pine 
M Bd. Ft. 


Total 
M Bd. Ft. 


Hardwood 1 
$5.00 
per M. 


Pine 
$5.00 
per M. 


Total 
$ 


1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 


25,975 
21,136 
25,735 
57,804 
17,797 
34,524 
30,082 
20,229 
18,081 
13,797 
15,907 
4,725 
10,237 


1,518 
1,455 
3,301 
10,779 
3,311 
6,420 
2,998 
2,980 
3,199 
869 
693 
188 
1,581 


6 
7 
13 
19 
19 
19 
10 
15 
18 
6 
4 
4 
15 


4,732 
5,144 
9,855 

21,426 
6,398 

12,008 
6,983 
7,110 
4,608 
2,407 
1,914 
687 
2,105 


160 


4,892 
5,144 
9,855 

21,426 
6,398 

12,008 
6,983 
7,110 
4,608 
2,426 
1,914 
687 
2,105 


$23,660 
25,720 
49,275 

107,130 
31,990 
60,040 
34,915 
35,550 
23,040 
12,035 
9,570 
3,435 
10,525 


$800 


$31,660 
25,720 
49,275 

107,130 
31,990 
60,040 
34,915 
35,550 
23,040 
12,130 
9,570 
3,435 
10,525 






























19 


95 














The County 


296,029 


39,292 


13 


85,377 


179 


85,556 


$426,885 


$895 


$427,780 



CECIL COUNTY. 



Cecil County is located at the northeast corner of Maryland. 
Bounded on the east side by Delaware and on the north by Pennsyl- 
vania, it is at the beginning of Chesapeake Bay, from which tidewater 
streams cut deeply into the County from two sides. The Susquehan- 
na River is the dividing -line between this County and Harford, on 
the western side, while the main line of the Pennsylvania Railroad 
divides it into two distinct areas — on the southeast the Coastal Plain, 
and on the northern side the Piedmont Plateau. Low hiUs and broad 
valleys characterize the topography of much of Cecil County, these 
elevations rising to Black Hill, at a height of 311 feet, in the corner 
of the County known as Elk Neck. Local soils vary much, from those 
which are barren to others exceedingly rich. The poorer situations 
are in the northwestern part, sassafras loam in the northeast, and in 
the southern section both sand and loam. There is much good farm 
land in the latter, as also in the northern central part. In the north- 
west are the more rocky soil formations, with many fair-sized patches 
of forest. 

The Forests. 

Forests distinctly characteristic of the Coastal Plain and Pied- 
mont divisions meet in this county, of which 24 per cent is wooded. 
Although there is no portion of the county where there is not a fair 
amount of forest, it is in the central part, from Perryville to Leslie, 
and south from Leslie along Elk Neck, that the largest bodies of wood- 
land occur. The area north of PerryviUe represents in large part the 
holdings, at one time or another, of the present Whitaker Iron Com- 
pany, originally the old Prineipio Furnace. As such it has been cut 
over and "charcoaled" repeatedly, which, together with the now pre- 
valent chestnut blight and the logging operations necessitated by the 
utilization of affected timber, has had an important bearing upon the 
present wooded area. In 1722 the Prineipio Furnace was first placed 
in operation. During the Revolutionary period it furnished muni- 
tions to the armies of Washington, and from Colonial days to the pres- 
ent it has been in continuous operation, though the output within 
recent years has become relatively small. 

67 



68 



The Forests op Maryland. 



The forests in the upper part of the County are principally in 
woodlots, and in the southern half are confined in large part to the 
shores of the Bay and along the numerous tidewater streams. Where 
the Piedmont section occurs, the most important trees are the white 
and hlack oaks, chestnut, hickory and poplar; in the Coastal Plain 
there are Spanish, willow, pin and swamp white oaks, as well as gum. 
In the east-central part of the County there are scattered clusters of 
scrub pine, but no real softwood forests. A forest survey made in 
1911 showed Cecil County's woodlands to be exceptional, in that they 
ranked as 100 per cent hardwood — 21,738 acres containing timber 
amounting to 5,000 board feet and upward per acre, and 50,805 acres 
of less. 

Uses op the Forest. 

There are 24 portable and stationary miUs, principally the former, 
in operation, and their cut in 1914 aggregated 716,780 cubic feet of 
wood, worth $96,893. Lumber came first, then poles, cordwood, piling, 
charcoal, pulpwood, railroad ties, shingles, posts and lath. Practically 
all of the pole material was chestnut, which since the introduction of 
the blight has been cut and marketed in constantly increasing quanti- 
ties, and often at unreasonably low prices, in order to make some 
utilization of the affected trees. It is easy and quite profitable to 
market railroad ties here, for there are 62 miles of railway in the 
County, a consequently favorable market, and easy accessibility to 
wooded I'egions. At Colora, Conowingo, Elkton, Georgetown, Leslie, 
North East, Port Deposit, and Rising Sun there are retail lumber 
yards. There are also planing mills at Elkton and Port Deposit, a 
boat yard at Chesapeake City, and one for barges at Elkton. In view 
of superior facilities for water transportation, it seems that there 
might be additional opportunities for the development and enlarge- 
ment of this branch of the wood-using industry. 

In the past, forest fires have been prevalent in this County, much 
to the detriment of existing woodlands. Local forests have suffered 
much in this respect, as also later from the blight, and frequently 
from wasteful cutting. In the better agricultural districts clearing 
for farming is going on, and much of the older farm lands are grow- 
ing up in trees of inferior species. From these causes and others the 
forests of Cecil County may hardly be said to be in the most desirable 
or productive condition; prompt and efficient measures are needed 
for their improvement. 



Cecil County. 



69 



Cecil C!ounty. 
SUMMAEY OP THE LUMBEE AND TIMiBEE CUT. 



Product. 


Amount. 


Unit Value. 


Total Value. 




2,972,000 Board Feet 


$17,50 per M 


$52,010 




100,000 Boai-d Feet 


14.00 per M 


1,400 




600 Cords 


5.50 per Cord 


3,300 




4,500 


.55 each 


2,475 


PUing 


40,000 Lineal Feet 


.10 per Foot 


4,000 




3,200 


3.50 per Cord 


11,200 


Poles 


7,000 


2.50 each 


17,500 




200,000 


4.50 per M 


900 




45,000 


3.50 per M 


158 




3,000 


.15 each 


450 




35,000 Bushels 


.10 per Bushel 


3,500 


The County 


716,780 CuWe Feet 




$96,893 



WOODED AEEA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBEE BY ELECTION DISTBICTS. 



The County 



Total 
Land 
Area. 



Acres. 



42,361 
29,154 
25,675 
18,102 
45,132 
19,765 
17,086 
10,775 
15,147 

223,197 



Wooded I Per Cent 
Area. Wooded. 



Acres. 



5,812 
8,004 
4,167 
2,739 
17,676 
2,992 
5,700 
4,692 
1,761 

53,543 



% 



13 
27 
16 
14 
38 
15 
33 
45 
12 

24 



Stand of Saw Timber in Board Feet 
(Doyle Log Eule). All Trees 
More Than Nine Indies in 
Diameter. 



Hardwood 
M Bd. Ft. 



12,799 
18,917 
11,-549 
8,617 
15,532 
6,271 
7,617 
4,960 
3,070 

89,332 



Pine 
M Bd. Ft. 



Total 
MBd. Ft. 



Stumpage Value. 



Hardwood 
$4.00 
per M. 



12,799 


$51,196 


18,917 


75,668 


11,549 


46,196 


8,617 


34,468 


15,.532 


62,128 


6,271 


25,084 


7,617 


30,468 


4,960 


19,840 


3,070 


12,280 


89,332 


$357,328 



Pine 
$4.50 
per M. 



( 



i 



CHARLES COUNTY. 



Charles is distinctively a "southern Maryland" County, low-lying, 
along tidewater for the most part, and well in the Coastal Plain Divis- 
ion. On the west and south it is bordered by the Potomac, while on 
the eastern side the Patuxent River touches it for several miles. 
Prince George's County is on the northern side, with Calvert on the 
east. Light soils — from pure sand to sandy loam — predominate, and 
along the swampy sections there is a large amount of clay. A great 
part of this County was once intensively farmed, but changed econo- 
mic conditions have brought about a reversion to forest of much that 
was once cleared for agriculture. 

The Forests. 

Excepting the mountain counties of Garrett and Allegany, Charles 
County possesses the largest percentage of forested land in Maryland, 
59 per cent of its total area being in woodland. Unlike the forests of 
those sections, the tree growth here is not, in great part, on land that 
has never been cleared, but represents instead once cleared lands that 
since have been abandoned and naturally reforested. Pine has come 
up on much of this land, and it is usually possible in the young stands 
to still trace the lines of the old corn-rows. Fine young stands, both 
of hardwood and scrub pine, are abundant, but there is little timber 
of saw-log size near the railroads, where close cutting has been prac- 
ticed for many years. 

Great differences of elevation, with their corresponding change of 
type, do not exist in Charles County, but there are increasing stands 
of scrub pine, and the usual culled and merchantable hardwoods. 
There is a distinct swamp type of hardwood growth, with pin, willow, 
and swamp white oak, beech, river birch, black gum, red maple, red 
gum, and tulip poplar. In other sections the forests of hardwood 
partake of two different types, an upland and a lowland type. In the 
former are black, scarlet, and Spanish oaks, chestnut, hickory and 
scrub pine ; in the latter white and red oaks, tulip, black gum and red 
gum. The forests of this county consist of 43 per cent hardwoods, 11 
per cent pine, and 46 per cent mixed stands. On 6,868 acres of hard- 
wood forest, according to the survey of 1912, there are stands of 5,000 
feet or more per acre, and on 66,037 acres there are hardwood stands 



71 



72 



The Forests of Maryland. 



of less thau this ; pine stands of 5,000 feet upward occupy 5,243 acres, 
less than this, 13,609 acres ; while mixed stands of pine and hardwood 
are all below 5,000 feet, and occur on 79,790 acres of land. 

Uses of the Forest. 

The past ten years have brought a new forest industry to Charles 
County in the sale of scrub pine for pulpwood. Previous to this, the 
stands of pine were justly considered to be of small value, but now 
Charles is the one county in the State to have the amount and value of 
some other forest product exceed that of lumber. In 1914, 30 sawmills 
and the many more individual timber operators produced a total cut 
of 5,838,080 cubic feet, with a value of $484,866. Of this, $318,000 
represented the pulpwood cut. with lumber next, then railroad ties, 
for which there exists a considerable demand, piling, mine props, 
poles, cordwood, shingles, veneer woods, charcoal, posts and lath. 
Small portable mills are chiefly responsible for the lumber cut, many 
operating as such in the winter, and being used in summer for thresh- 
ing. The timber industry locally is closely confined to the producers, 
with no manufacturing worthy of comment. There are 30 miles of 
railway lines in Charles County, but aside from the stands of timber 
eloselj' adjoining these lines it is difficult to make very long hauls at a 
profit. Traffic over the ordinary country road in winter is apt to be 
difficult, but of late several State highways have been completed 
which make parts of the county not on a railroad much more accessi- 
ble. In addition, the Patuxent is navigable far above Benedict, in 
Charles County, while on the Potomac there are several steamboat 
lines which touch at local landings. 

The future of forestry in the county is uncertain. The large bodies 
of arable land which reverted to forest as a result of economic condi- 
tions following the Civil "War are still in forest. There is, however, 
the strong feeling that much of this land will in time be again cleared 
for agricultural crops. Such unstable conditions seriously interfere 
with systematic forest jiianagement ; most of the owners are inclined 
to cut all merchantable material regardless of the future, and in con- 
sequence there is a very large percentage of severely culled forests of 
low production. 

A decided change in policy is needed to secure the best results. It 
should be the object of the woodland owner to handle his property 
for successful timber crops by leaving after each cutting a sufficient 
amount of young growing stock to insure another cut in fifteen or 
twenty years, except in the ease of pine stands, where clear cutting 
is usually best. 



Charles County, 



73 



Charles County. 



SUMMARY OF THE LUMBEE AND TIMBER CUT. 



Product. 


Amount. 


Unit Value. 


Total Value. 


Lumber: Hardwood 


3,557,500 Board Feet 


$16.00 per M 


$56,920 


Softwood 


1,770,000 Board Feet 


14.00 per M 


24,780 


Pul^jwood 


53,000 Cords 


6.00 per Cord 


318,000 


Railroad Ties 


106,000 


.55 each 


58,300 




100,000 Lineal Feet 


.10 per Foot 


10,000 


Cordwood 


1,200 Cords 


3.00 per Cord 


3,600 


Mine Props 


2,000 Tons 


2.75 per Ton 


5,500 




2,000 


2.50 each 


5,000 




322,000 


4.25 per M 


1,368 


Lath 


30,000 


3.25 per M 


98 




1,500 


.20 each 


300 


Charcoal 


10,000 Bushels 


.10 per Bushel 


1,000 


The County 


5,838,080 Cubic Feet 




$484,866 



WOODED AREA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TT:MBER BY ELECTION DISTRICTS. 



Dist. No. 


Total 
Land 
Area. 


Wooded 
Area. 


Per Cent 
Wooded. 


Stand of Saw Timber in Board Feet 
(Doyle Log Rule). All Trees 
More Than Nine Inches in 
Diameter. 


St 


umpage Value. 




Acres. 


Acres. 


% 


Hardwood 
M Bd. Ft. 


Pine 
M Bd. Ft. 


Total 
M Bd. Ft. 


Hardwood 
$4.00 
perM. 


Pine 
$4.00 
per M. 


Total 
$ 


1 


26,421 


13,569 


51 


14,-501 


5,720 


20,221 


$58,004 


$22,880 


$80,884 


2 


36,011 


22,430 


62 


16,008 


27,006 


43,014 


64,032 


108,024 


172,056 


3 


40,880 


31,839 


78 


13,748 


23,457 


37,205 


54,992 


93,828 


148,820 


4 


39,411 


19,802 


50 


21,868 


5,713 


27,581 


87,472 


22,852 


110,324 


5 


23,986 


9,123 


38 


9,397 


1,163 


10,560 


37,588 


4,652 


42,240 


6 


37,555 


22,679 


60 


17,912 


9,655 


27,567 


71,648 


38,620 


110,268 


7 


22,959 


14,036 


61 


26,755 


9,748 


36,503 


107,020 


38,992 


146,012 


8 


44,816 


26,571 


59 


37,807 


5,330 


43,137 


151,228 


21,320 


172,548 


9 


18,507 


11,498 


62 


5,993 


489 


6,482 


23,972 


1,956 


25,928 


The County 


290,546 


171,547 


59 


163,989 


88,281 


252,270 


$655,956 


$353,124 


$1,009,080 



I 



1 



I 



DORCHESTER COUNTY. 



Dorchester, the third largest county in the State, lies on the east- 
ern side of Chesapeake Baj^ between the Nanticoke and Choptank 
Rivers. The highest elevations in the county are not over 50 feet, 
with at least a half of the area below 10 feet in elevation, a fact which 
explains an area of marsh land which is larger than that of any other 
county in the State. There are few striking features of topography, 
and the soils of the higher elevations, notably in the northeastern sec- 
tion, consist principally of the Sassafras loam, one of the best agricul- 
tural formations on the eastern shore peninsula. 

The marshes of the county are of two kinds, depending upon their 
elevation, the fresh water marshes, and the salt marshes. The former 
are mainly in tree growth and constitute a considerable portion of 
the forested area, while the latter, comprising 21 per cent of the entire 
land area, are devoid of tree growth or any vegetation except coarse 
grasses common to this type. The present area in salt marshes is still 
increasing, and as the salt water extends inland, the adjoining forests 
are gradually exterminated. In the southern section of the County 
where a large percentage of the salt marsh occurs, the pine trees on 
the margins of the swamps often have a sickly yellow foliage, and their 
rate of growth is extremely slow. A little farther in the swamp will 
be found the dead stems and stumps of trees that have been overcome 
by the salt. Loblolly pine is usually the last to succumb to this in- 
fluence, but in the end is killed with the rest. 

The Forests. 

The forest area of Dorchester County, with the exception of "Wor- 
cester, is greater than that of any other County on the eastern shore. 
The forests, which comprise 37 per cent of the county's area, occur, 
generally in large, continuous areas like those of western Maryland. 
A mixed growth of hardwood and pine is the predominating type. 
Though there is a small amount of scrub pine in the northeastern sec- 
tion of the County, loblolly probably constitutes 95 per cent of the 
entire stand of pine, while mixtures of pine and hardwood occurring 
on the lower ground are made up j)rincipally of loblolly, red maple, 
red gum, black gum, willow and pin oaks. The oaks do not attain 



75 



76 



The Forests of Maryland. 



their best development except on the better-drained soils, where they 
are able to maintain a deep root system. In the northern section of 
the County the forests are being steadily cleared away, while in the 
southern section much more land is growing up in forest than is being 
cleared. On the whole, the ratio of forest to cleared land is being 
maintained, and away from the agricultural sections — Cambridge, 
East New Market and Hurlock — few changes are taking place. 

Loblolly pine, by far the most important of the County's timber 
species, is well distributed over the entire area, with a greater propor- 
tion occurring on the higher places. In swamps the principal species 
are red gum and the oaks, though everywhere the absence of fires has 
greatly aided reproduction of pine. Red gum, occurring principally 
on wet lands, attains large size, and has ari extensive local use for 
basket and barrel veneers. In the southern section of the County, 
where there is a general lack of adequate transportation facilities, 
there has been less culling of the forest, but where the cutting is ex- 
treme several of the most important trees, notably red gum, are unable 
to retain their place in the forest by natural reproduction. There is 
some oak in the county, Spanish oak and willow oaks predominating, 
but the oaks are nowhere increasing, chiefly because of their poor re- 
production on the wet land of the county. 

The forests of Dorchester County are 14 per cent hardwood, 35 
per cent pine, and 51 per cent mixed hardwood and pine. In the sur- 
vey of 1910 it developed that of the hardwood forests, 2,458 acres con- 
tain stands of 5,000 feet or more per acre, with 16,395 acres of less; 
8,182 acres of pine contain 5,000 or more feet to the acre, and there 
are 40,582 where the stumpage is less ; while there are 27,115 acres of 
mixed stands of 5,000, and 43,559 of less than 5,000. 

Uses op the Forest. 

~ In general, methods of cutting have been those usually employed 
where timber is cheap and transportation expensive. Since there is a 
very large percentage of the swamp type of forest, logging operations 
are often difficult, and in such locations confined to the dryer seasons 
of the year, usually during the months from September to January, 
Though only the better grades are removed in less accessible regions, 
the pine as a rule is cut closer than hardwood. In spite of this, and 
due to its greater seeding capacity, it is appearing on cut-over lands 
wherever there are openings, even securing a foothold in hardwood 
swamps where hummocks occur. 

On the swamp lands where pine is mixed with hardwood, all of the 
pine of mine-prop or saw-log size is cut, but only the best of the hard- 



PLATE XI. FIG. 1.— THE PRESH-WATER SWAMP. 



Areas like this (Zelciali Swamp, Charles County), while typical of similar inundated lands elsewhere 
about the State, frequently contain splendid forests of white oak, poplar, and red 
gum which have been saved through their comparative inaccessibility. 




Dorchester County. 



77 



wood can be removed, largely because of its greater weight and the 
attendant difficulty of handling. Here the timber is "snaked" out 
to land which is dry enough for the use of high-wheel carts, the logs 
then being slung under the wheels and transported to the sawmills, 
or, in the case of mine props, to the railroads. Clear cutting is some- 
times practiced in pine stands, but the usual method is to cut to a dia- 
meter of 6 or 8 inches on the stump. There is little demand for cord- 
wood except near the towns and watercourses, and there is consequent- 
ly much debris iisually found-on the ground after logging. 

There are 37 mills in Dorchester County which, together with the 
timber men and farmers who work in the woods for part of the year 
at least, produced a cut of lumber in 1914 amounting to 2,231,160 
cubic feet, and valued at $352,405. Lumber, especially pine, was by 
far the most important of the forest products, with cordwood second, 
then piling, lath, poles, railroad ties, mine-props, posts and shingles. 
There are 43 miles of railroad in the County which aid in marketing 
the forest crop, and also furnish a limited market for cross-ties. The 
roads in the County are reasonably good, and a fair share of its area 
accessible by the water route. There is a retail yard at Aireys, one at 
Hurlock, and two at Cambridge ; also, at the latter place, a boat yard, 
with planing mills at Cambridge, East New Market, Hurlock, and 
Williston ; and factories for boxes or crates at Cambridge, Hurlock, 
East New Market, Rhodesdale and Williamsburg. 

Good forest management presents several problems in this County. 
Since the loblolly pine is the most valuable species and well adapted 
to nearly all of the County's soils, it is the first tree to be encouraged 
in reproduction. The next in importance as being particularly adapt- 
ed to moist soils is red gum, and there are relatively few areas in this 
entire county that are sufficiently suitable for oak. The question of 
management is here largely one of favoring red gum in the poorly 
drained situations, and loblolly elsewhere. Both are trees of consid- 
erable value and good growth, and their encouragement cannot but 
result well for the timber owners of the County. 



78 The Forests op Maryland. 



Dorchester County. 



sujvimary of the lumber and timber cut. 



Product. 


Amount. 


Unit Value. 


Total 'Value. 


Liunber: Hardwood 


3,-52.5,000 Board Feet 


$19.00 per M 


$66,975 


Softwood 


16,250,000 Board Feet 


15.00 per M 


245,250 


Railroad Ties 


6,000 


.50 each 


3,000 




150,000 Lineal Feet 


.08 per Foot 


12,000 




4,750 Cords 


3.00 per Cord 


14,250 


Mine Props 


810 Tons 


3.00 per Ton 


2,430 


Poles 


1,200 


3.00 each 


3,600 


Shingles 


50,000 


4.50 per M 


225 


Lath 


1,250,000 


3.50 per M 


4,375 




1,500 


.20 each 


300 


The CoimtT 


2,231,160 Cubic Feet 




$352,405 



WOODED AREA, STAKD AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER BY ELECTION DISTRICTS. 



Dist. No. 


Total 
Land 
Area. 


Wooded 
Area. 


Per Cent 
Wooded. 


Stand of Sa 
( Doyle 
More 
Diamet( 


iw Timber in Board Feet 
Log Rule). All Trees 
Chan Nine Inches in 
jr. 


Stumpage Value. 




Acres. 


Acres, 


% 


Hardwood 
M Bd. Ft. 


Pine 
M Bd. Ft. 


Total 
M Bd. Ft. 


Hardwood 
$4.00 
per M. 


Pine 
$5.00 
per M. 


Total 
$ 


1 


28,291 


17,647 


60 


5,642 


38,972 


44,614 


$22,568 


$194,860 


$217,428 


2 


15,894 


3,961 


24 


1,607 


14,806 


16,413 


6,428 


74,030 


80,458 


3 


23,078 


12,730 


50 


14,836 


22,932 


37,768 


59,344 


114,660 


174,004 


4 


20,694 


9,872 


37 


3,847 


26,729 


30,576 


15,388 


133,645 


149,033 


5 


41,489 


13,390 


32 


7,685 


42,723 


50,408 


30,740 


213,615 


244,355 


6 


9,948 


1,605 
9,585 


16 




3,610 


3,610 




18,050 


18,050 


7 


25,806 


32 


7,448 


22,759 


30,207 


29,792 


113,795 


143,587 


8 


14,706 


5,049 


34 


402 


18,708 


19,110 


1,608 


93,540 


95,148 


9 


21,628 


11,242 


50 


7.552 


27,367 


34,919 


30,208 


136,835 


167,043 


10 


26,854 


2,671 
10,931 


9 




2,129 


2,129 
18,058 




10,645 
75,810 


10,645 


11 


29,744 


37 


2,896 


15,162 


11,584 


87,394 


12 


10,061 


3,067 


30 


1,369 


8,236 


9,605 


0,476 


41,180 


46,656 


13 


32,121 


10,096 


31 


9,203 


21,633 


30,836 


36,812 


108,165 


144,977 


14 


12,783 


4,620 


36 


2,970 


8,774 


11,744 


11,880 


43,870 


55,750 


15 


20,196 


4,959 


24 


1,789 


12,709 


14,598 


7,156 


63,545 


70,701 


16 


11,657 


7,079 


61 


2,283 


22,802 


25,085 


9,132 


114,010 


123,142 


17 


22,809 


9,787 


40 


11,495 


5,254 


16,749 


45,980 


26,270 


72,250 


The County 


368,669 


138,291 


37 


81,024 


315,305 


396,329 


$324,096 


$1,576,525 


$1,900,621 



FREDERICK COUNTY. 



Frederick, the second largest County in the State, is the eastern- 
most of the four counties which form "Western Maryland." It lies 
in and to the east of the Blue Ridge Mountains, extending from the 
Pennsylvania line on the north to the Potomac River on the south. 
The main topographic features are the Blue Ridge, with its higher 
elevations, South and Catoctin Mountains ; the Monocaey River, which 
traverses the central part of the County from north to south ; and 
several important agricultural valleys. The Frederick Valley is close- 
ly adjacent to the Monocaey River, and east of the Catoctins; the 
]Middletown Valley lies between the latter and South Mountain, and 
in both sections the amount of forest land is relatively small, and agri- 
culture highly developed. The highest points are in the northwestern 
part of the County, while the lower elevations are at the extreme 
south, near the mouth of the Monocaey. 

Several principal types of soil occur in Frederick County. In the 
western district, which comprises the Catoctin and South Mountain 
sections, there is a brown, sandy loam, rich in organic matter, and fer- 
tile, but difficult of cultivation because of its stony character and the 
steep slopes where it occurs. Nevertheless, a great bulk of the Coun- 
ty's forest area is found on this type of soil. In the central part, in 
what is known as the Frederick Valley, are the limestone soils which 
produce the County's best farm crops. The surface as a whole is 
rolling, well-watered and, except for the veiy mountainous portions, 
practically all in cultivation. The soils found in the eastern and 
southeastern sections of the County consist mostly of sandy loams, the 
greater part of which also are under cultivation, though not as pro- 
ductive as those of the central part. 

The Forests. 

The forest map of Frederick County shows that there are two prin- 
cipal divisions or areas of woodland in this County. In the west there 
is a considerable stretch of forested land, to a great extent unbroken, 
which extends from north to south ; Avhile in the east many scattered 
woodlots, usually of small size, make up the bulk of the wooded area. 
In the central and south-central parts there is, to a large extent, an 



79 



80 



The Forests op Maryland. 



absence of forest land. Only 21 per cent of Frederick is wooded, and 
there are but three counties in Maryland possessing a greater relative 
area in improved agricultural lands. 

The County's forests are practically all of hardwood growth. The 
only stands of pine of any consequence are one of mixed hardwood 
and pine in the Catoctin Mountains, west of Thurmont, another small 
area southeast of Motters, and one to the east of Buckeystown. The 
mountain forests are made up principally of chestnut and chestnut 
oak, white, black and scarlet oaks, hickory, tulip poplar and gum. The 
forests of the southeastern part of the County contain a much smaller 
percentage of chestnut, and a relatively larger amount of the oaks, 
with the exception of the chestnut oak, which is here less abundant 
than in the mountain section; there is practically no chestnut what- 
ever in the Frederick Valley, or elsewhere, on limestone or limestone 
derivative soils. 

The Catoctin Furnace, one of the oldest in Maryland making 
"charcoal iron," was established in 1774. During the American 
Revolution the Furnace supplied cannon and projectiles to the Con- 
tinental Army, and until the end of the last century still operated 
about 10,000 acres of woodland near its location in the Catoctin Moun- 
tains, helping with other charcoal foundries of that time to give Mary- 
land an important position in the iron industry. 

The making of charcoal iron caused the clear cutting of extensive 
forested areas, with consequent sprout forests of even age which de- 
veloped after the intensive cuttings of 20 to 100 years ago. Some of 
the best forest soils of the State are found in the Catoctins, but where- 
ever forest fires have been frequent, as is apt to be the case in moun- 
tain sections, the forest growth is scrubby and of little value. Thia 
condition has also been intensified by the system of culling which has 
been practiced here for generations. The most important timber trees 
at present are the oaks, chestnut, tulip poplar, and hickory ; along the 
crests of the mountains, the chestnut and chestnut oak; and farther 
down the slopes, on the deeper and richer soils, the scarlet and black 
oaks, white oak, red oak, hickory, and tulip poplar in varying propor- 
tions. In the deep and fertile valley soils excellent stands of white 
oak, red oak, tulip poplar, and other species occur, the improved con- 
dition of such forests in the non-mountainous areas being due in part 
to better soils, and somewhat to more efficient fire protection. The sur- 
vey of 1911 shows that hardwoods constitute 99 per cent of Frederick's 
forest area, with the remaining 1 per cent in mixed hardwood and 
pine. There are 3,300 acres of hardwoods with an average stand of 
5,000 or more board feet per acre, with 87,358 acres of hardwoods 
amounting to less than this : 62 acres of pine, all under 5,000 feet per 



Frederick County. 



81 



acre ; and 397 acres of pine and hardwood stands, all of which are also 
below 5,000 feet. 

Uses op the Forest. 

The 51 saw mill and timber operators reported in 1914 a lumber 
cut of 809,965 cubic feet, having a value at points of production of 
$179,004. Of this, $130,894 represented the cut of lumber alone, with 
shingles, cordwood, railroad ties, pulpwood, lath, tanbark, piling, and 
export logs following in the order given. Portable mills are widely 
used in Frederick County, and it would seem that the timbered acreas 
are being thoroughly gone over for merchantable material. 

In addition to these woods activities, there is considerable manu- 
facturing and selling of lumber and various forest products in and 
around Frederick. Two yards and planing mills are located at Fred- 
erick, with only lumber yards at Adamstown, Brunswick, Burkitts- 
ville, Emmitsburg, Thurmont, Walkersville, and Woodsboro. There 
are also in Brunswick two casket manufactories, and in Frederick City 
a tannery, a silo plant, and a fibre-brush factory, these different in- 
dustries, all told, handling annually 14,500,000 board feet of wood, and 
employing an average of 460 men. The 51 sawmill and other opera- 
tors produce but 7,283,000 board feet of lumber, one-half the con- 
sumption of the Coimty, so that opportunities evidently exist for de- 
veloping the local output. Excellent highways traverse Frederick 
County, which, with the 18 miles of trolley lines and the 90 miles of 
railway, combine to make timber accessible in all sections of the 
county. 

Frederick County, as has already been stated, is highly developed 
along agricultural lines. The land is fertile and well-farmed, and 
only in the forest areas is there much need of improved methods of 
management. These, however, have been continuously damaged by 
forest fires for many years. Their protection and improved manage- 
ment would add substantially to the whole County's productiveness 
and revenues. 



82 



The Forests op Maryland, 



Frederick County. 
SUIMMARY OF THE LUMBEE AND TIMBER CUT. 



Product. 


Amount. 


Unit Value. 


Total Value. 




7,183,000 Board 


Feet 


$18.00 per M 


$129',294 




100,000 Board 


Feet 


16.00 per M 


1,600 




600 Cords 




6.50 per Cord 


3,900 




15,000 




.55 each 


8,250 




12,000 Lineal 


Feet 


.10 per Foot 


1,200 




4,600 Cords 




3.25 per Cord 


14,950 


Tan Bark 


160 Tons 




8.50 per Ton 


1,360 




3,500,000 




4.50 per M 


15,750 




600,000 




3.25 per M 


1,950 




25,000 




30.00 per M 


750 


The County 


809,965 Cubic. 


Feet 




$179,004 



WOODED AREA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER BY ELECTION DISTRICTS. 



The County 



Total 
Land 
Area. 



Acres. 



32,004 
14,269 
19,656 
12,663 
30,303 
16,782 
31,405 
14,679 
32,130 
18,818 
17,558 
11,655 
12,348 
16,254 
24,538 
14,802 
17,514 
16,380 
11,403 
19,845 
12,127 
11,718 
8,316 
5,040 
1,108 
9,815 



433,130 



Wooded 
Area. 



Acres. 



838 
19 
1,493 

756 
5,066 
8,494 
7,743 
2,174 
5,399 
10,692 
1,342 
1,412 
2,378 
2,892 
12,695 
3,686 
1,405 
3,106 
1,903 
8,366 
5,181 
1,783 

693 
1,002 
25 

574 



91,117 



Per Cent 
Wooded. 



6 
17 
51 
25 
15 
17 
57 

8 
12 
19 
18 
52 
25 

8 
19 
17 
42 
43 
15 

8 
20 

2 



21 



Stand of Saw Timber in Board Feet 
(Doyle Log Rule). All Trees 
More Than Nine Inches in 
Diameter. 



Hardwood 
M Bd. Ft. 



2,534 
76 
2,446 
1,636 
9,215 
12,487 
14,262 
3,474 
8,839 
10,401 
3,303 
2,876 
3,123 
4,520 
9,463 
5,779 
3,068 
4,.539 
3,625 
7,264 
7,810 
3,062 
630 
1,188 
69 
1,001 



126,690 



Pine 
M Bd. Ft. 



19 
38 



198 



261 



Total 
M Bd. Ft. 



2,534 
76 
2,446 
1,642 
9,234 
12,487 
14,300 
3,474 
8,839 
10,401 
3,303 
2,876 
3,123 
4,520 
9,661 
5,779 
3,068 
4,539 
3,625 
7,264 
7,810 
3,062 
630 
1,188 
69 
1,001 



126,951 



Stumpage Value. 



Hardwood 
$4.50 
perM. 



$11,403 
342 
11,007 

7,362 
41,467 
56,192 
64,179 
1.5,633 
39,775 
46,805 
14,863 
12,942 
14,054 
20,340 
42,583 
26,006 
13,806 
20,425 
16,313 
32,688 
35,145 
13,779 

2,835 

5,346 
310 

4,505 



$570,105 



Pine 
$4.50 
per M. 



$27 
86 



171 



891 



$1,175 



GARRETT COUNTY. 



Garrett, the westernmost County of Maryland, is in shape a 
right-angled triangle, with the angle at the northwest corner, which 
touches Pennsylvania, while the remainder of the County is bordered 
on the west and south by West Virginia and the Potomac River. Four 
prominent mountain ridges occur, all showing a northeasterly and 
southwesterly trend, the most important of the group being Back- 
bone Mountain, the highest point in Maryland, with its continuation 
as Big Savage, the two separated by the gorge of the Savage River. 
This ridge attains an elevation of about 3,400 feet in the southwestern 
end of the County, with an average height maintained of close to 
3,000 feet throughout, where for about half way it separates the drain- 
age of the Potomac and Youghiogheny systems, the latter a tributary 
of the Monongaliela. The County possesses no navigable watercourse, 
but an abundance of good-sized streams, hitherto undeveloped, which 
offer good future possibilities as power sites. 

With the exception of the ' ' glades, ' ' which make up a considerable 
portion of poorly drained lands in the valleys, all of this County's 
soils will support good growths of timber. That along the crests of the 
mountains is of course somewhat thin and less productive, but on the 
lower slopes and in the valleys there is almost invariably a sandy 
loam of considerable depth, with the best agricultural situations in the 
valleys between Backbone Mountain on one side and Hoop Pole Ridge 
and Meadow Mountain on the other, and farther west, between Wind- 
ing Ridge and Negro Mountain. 

The Forests. 

The woodlands of the County comprise 63 per cent of its total 
area, the highest percentage of woodland of any County in the State. 
Forests cover practically all of the prominent mountain ridges, with 
woodlots of varying sizes well distributed over the farms in the val- 
leys. It is quite certain that the entire County, with the exception of 
the glades, was once well wooded, but the high quality of the land 
early attracted the settler, and the constant influx of immigration 
from that time on soon cleared of forest the most suitable farm lands. 
The forests receded from the valleys, and are now principally re- 



83 



84 



The Forests op Maryland. 



strieted to the mountains and more rugged slopes. Today the bulk of 
the woodland is in relatively large holdings usually in the possession 
of coal or lumber companies. 

The County was at one time a magnificent forest of virgin white 
pine and hemlock, oak, maple, chestnut, and other of the hardwoods, 
but subsequent culling of the best, together with great damage from 
forest fires, have largely prevented the cut-over lands from producing 
a high character of forest growth, in many cases none at all. Present 
forests consist principally of young growth with scattered older trees, 
the latter nearly always more or less unmerchantable and not con- 
sidered fit for cutting in previous operations. Outside of the white 
oak type of forest, which occupies the clay soils in the west-central 
part, the forest types are largely determined by conditions of ex- 
posure and drainage. Along the crests of the mountains chestnut, 
birch, chestnut oak, and scarlet oak predominate, while farther down, 
along ravines, sugar maple, beech, white oak, basswood, cucumber, 
and in moist situations hemlock, are frequently found. When the 
Forest Survey was made in 1913, hardwood stands of timber amount- 
ed to 98 per cent of the whole in Garrett County, with 1 per cent of 
the wooded area in pine, and 1 per cent in mixed hardwood and pine. 
On the 274,483 acres of forest land there is a total stand of 447,766,000 
board feet of timber. According to this survey, hardwood stumpage 
of 5,000 or more board feet per acre occupies 4,484 acres, of less than 
5,000, 264,112 acres ; pine and hemlock stands, on the same basis, occur 
on 1,464 and 617 acres, respectively; mixed hardwood, hemlock, and 
pine, 2,529 and 1,277 acres. 

Uses of the Forest. 

In the early days when there were no good roads and often none 
at all, immense forests and few people to make use of them, only the 
choicest timber could be or was removed, and that from the most ac- 
cessible places. Later, when there began a greater and more profitable 
demand for timber, and the undeveloped country to be opened up, 
cutting could be carried farther back in the hills, and soon inaugurat- 
ed a more rapid depletion of the forests. Forest fires usually followed 
the lumbering operations in the slashings, and from that time to the 
present have undoubtedly destroyed more timber than has actually 
been cut. The timber business has been the County's most important 
industry for over 50 years, but reckless methods of operation, coupled 
with the destruction brought about by fires, is placing this industry 
on a most unstable footing. 



PLATE XII. FIG. 1. — THE TYPICAL ^MOUNTAIN FOREST. 



Such forests — growing where iiotliing else will grow — serve the double purpose of 
timber production and watershed protection. 




PLAIL XII. FIU. 2. — FROM THE FIRE TOWER — jMLALOW MOUNTAIN. 

Several ranges of mountains and thousands of acres of woodland appear, and the forests of 
Western Maryland are seen at their best. 



Gareett County. 



85 



Yet in the face of this the timber cut for the County in 1914, 7,- 
750,245 cubic feet, had a value at points of production of $1,379,937. 
It is the highest in the State. Local forests are being drawn upon for 
a diversity of products — lumber, tanbark, mine props, mine ties, rail- 
road ties, lath, piling, pulpwood, shingles, poles, eordwood and posts, 
to name them in order of value. The cut of lumber represents the pro- 
duction of some 62 mills, most of them the portable kind, while the 
lath is a by-product in some of the mills that are large enough to uti- 
lize their slabs and edgings. The cutting of ties for railroad and mine 
use is largely a field belonging to smaller operators, while the demand 
for mine props in the bituminous regions makes another forest indus- 
try of some value to the individual farmer and small timberman. 

There are 55 miles of railway in this County, with another line, the 
Western Maryland, following the entire southern boundary. This, to- 
gether with a considerable mileage of recently improved highways, is 
proving of much value to owners of woodland in opening up forested 
districts which it was hitherto unprofitable to log. Garrett does not 
manufacture any great amounts of wood, the manufacturers being 
represented by planing mills and yards at Crellin, Friendsville, and 
Mt. Lake Park. 

The present lack of good forest management means a real loss to 
the County of an annual revenue amounting at the least to $650,000. 
"Well regulated forest management, moreover, cannot successfully be 
introduced until reasonable fire protection is assured, since there is 
small inducement to make an investment for the improvement of the 
forest where there is more than an even chance that a fire may at any 
time destroy the forest, together with any improvements which care 
and good management have brought about. There is much, however, 
which may be done by the individual woodland owner until such time 
as more concerted action, publicly, shall have placed the forests of 
this County on firm financial basis. 

A force of State Forest Wardens and Federal Patrolmen is en- 
deavoring to extend efficient service to the County in this respect, but 
the complete co-operation of every county resident is requisite toward 
making this in every way successful ; favorable conditions are extant 
for a good natural growth of timber, with but little necessity for 
planting or otherwise artificially supplementing natural reproduction. 
The principal consideration is to so guide the development of the 
young growth that the resulting older forests may be quickly matured, 
and of a quantity and quality consistent with successful forestry. 



86 



The Forests op Maryland. 



Gabrett County. 
SUMMARY OF THE LUMBEE AND TIMBER CUT. 



Product. 


Amount. 


Unit Value. 


Total Value. 


L/uint)er • Hardwood 


48 279 000 Boarrl "Pppt 


ipj-O.Vv pel XU. 




Softwood 


11,744,000 Board Feet 


14.00 per M 


164,416 




1,250 Cords 


6.50 pel' Cord 


8,125 


Railroad Ties: 








WMte Oak 


21,834 


70 Ail pTi 




Mixed Oak 


12,600 


.45 each. 


5,670 




14,000 


.20 each 


2,800 




54,000 Lineal Feet 


.20 per Foot 


10,800 




750 Cords 


3.00 per Cord 


2,250 




17,280 Tons . 


2.50 per Ton 


43,200 


Tan Bark: Oak 


7,125 Tons 


7.00 per Ton 


49,875 


Hemlock 


21,375 Tons 


7.00 per Ton 


149,625 




850 


4.00 each 


3,400 




785,000 


4.50 per M 


3,532 




7,650,000 


2.75 per M 


21,038 


Mine Ties ' 


200,000 


.15 each 


30,000 




4,500 


.20 each 


900 


The County 


7,750,245 Cubic Feet 




$1,379,937 



WOODED AREA, STAKD AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER BY ELECTION DISTRICTS. 



Total 
Land 
Area. 



Acres. 



44,339 
37,682 
54,780 
27,027 
29,941 
37,009 
15,762 
44,432 
20,021 
26,890 
21,301 
26,902 
11,614 
38,921 



436,621 



Wooded 
Area. 



Acres. 



3.3,155 
19,640 
33,663 
17,739 
12,953 
25,751 

5 526 
23,539 
1(5,921 
16,191 
13.650 
18,172 

8,731 
28,852 



274.483 



Per Cent 
Wooded. 



% 



75 
52 
61 
65 
43 
70 
35 
53 
85 
60 
64 
68 
75 
74 

63 



Staud of Saw Timber in Board Feet 
(Doyle Log Rule). All Trees 
More Than Nine Inches in 
Diameter. 



Hardwood 
M Bd. Ft. 



31,486 
25,794 
84,352 
30,847 
15,835 
36,021 
8,882 
36,884 
22,323 
15,219 
49,606 
34,451 
12,299 
28,116 



432,115 



Pine 
M Bd. Ft. 



312 
7,148 



7,944 
247 



15,651 



Total 
M Bd. Ft. 



31,798 
25,794 
91,500 
30,847 
15,835 
36,021 
8,882 
36,884 
22,323 
15,219 
57,550 
34,698 
12,299 
28,116 



447,766 



Stumpage Value. 



Hardwood 
$4.00 
per M. 



$125,944 
103,176 
337,408 
123,388 

63,340 
144,084 

35,528 
147,536 

S'J,292 

60,876 
198 424 
137,804 

49,196 
112.464 



$1,728,460 



Pine 
$5.00 
per M. 



$1,560 
35,740 



39,720 
1,235 



$78,255 



HARFORD COUNTY. 



Harford County lies in the northeastern section of the State, ex- 
tending to Pennsylvania on the north, the Susquehanna River on the 
east, Chesapeake Bay on the south, and the Gunpowder on the west. 
The northern four-fifths -of the County is in the Piedmont Plateau, 
and ranges in elevation from 200 to 700 feet above sea level, with gent- 
ly rolling to hilly land, and generally rapid streams. The southern 
fifth lies in the Coastal Plain and varies from 10 to 90 feet in altitude ; 
it is generally flat, and supplied with broad tidal streams and slug- 
gish creeks. 

The soils of the Piedmont division vary considerably, there being 
three general types — the clays, extending irregularly through the cen- 
tral and northeastern parts of the County, and forming a soil which 
is good, but often difficult of tillage because of large, scattered bould- 
ers; the loams, which constitute by far the larger area of any of the 
soil types in the northern section, and also in the southern or Coastal 
Plain division, in both regions constituting the most productive soils ; 
and in the third division, which is just north of the Baltimore & Ohio 
Railroad, largely gravelly soils merging into clays. The latter type is 
covered almost entirely by forest, and is considered of the least value 
for agricultural purposes. There is much of the County's soil that is 
unsuited to agriculture, indicating that a large portion of the County 
should always remain in forest growth. 

The Forests. 

Two hundred years ago the County was heavily forested with tree 
species of much present-day commercial value, although at that time 
they possessed little or none because of their abundance. At the pres- 
ent the forest areas are limited largely to the hilly or stony areas that 
are relatively unsuited to tillage, 29 per cent of the County being now 
in forest growth. The woodland is quite well distributed over the en- 
tire area, and there are few very extensive stands, the only noteworthy 
ones being in the vicinity of Rocks and Dublin, with a strip extending 
through the County along and north of the Baltimore & Ohio, and 
others through the two peninsulas of the Coastal Plain division. 



87 



88 



The Forests of Maryland. 



Much of the woodland is in farm woodlots of 10 to 100 acres each, 
representing the non-arable land that is too steep and rocky for agri- 
cultural use. Clearing is in progress in many sections and will likely 
continue throughout the County, and very little land that has been 
once cleared and cultivated is allowed to revert to forest. Existent 
forests are almost entirely of the mixed hardwood type, and on the 
strong soils their growth is relatively rapid. There is noticeable con- 
siderable variation in the mixed hardwoods, due largely to topography 
and, to some extent, the character of the soil. The most apparent dif- 
ference in this respect is the fact that chestnut, the most important 
species in the upper end of the County, rarely occurs in the southern 
section. The principal associates occurring with chestnut in the north- 
eastern part are chestnut oak, Spanish and black oaks, hickory and 
black gum, and all occur on ridges or soils where drainage is good. 
Along the watercourses and lower slopes adjacent to streams, where 
the soils are deep and fertile, the more common species are tulip pop- 
lar, red oak and white oak. In the tidal or southern part of the 
County, where the land is more or less swampy, red gum, black gum, 
pin oak and red maple are the principal timber trees. In the vicinity 
of Rocks there is a considerable amount of chestnut and chestnut oak 
coppice, the result of cutting for charcoal to supply the iron furnace 
operated here many years ago. Of the two gums occurring, the black 
gum is the more common, being scattered pretty generally through the 
forests of the entire County, while the red gum is found only in the 
Coastal Plain division, often, in wet, swampy lands, forming a practi- 
cally pure stand. 

Of the County's entire wooded area, it was shown by the survey of 
1909 that 99 per cent is in mixed hardwood growth and only 1 per 
cent in pine. There are 6,303 acres of the former which have stands 
amounting to 5,000 or more board feet to the acre, 75,234 acres hav- 
ing stands of less than this ; of the pine, there are only 335 acres of 
less than 5,000 feet. 

Uses op the Forests. 

The combined cut of the 27 sawmill and timber operators of Har- 
ford County, in 1914, was 774,555 cubic feet of wood, with a value of 
$118,342. Lumber of course makes up the great bulk of this, both as 
to amount and value, being followed by poles, railroad ties, cordwood, 
piling, pulpwood, posts, shingles and lath. Harford has been one of 
the Counties seriously affected by the chestnut blight, and it is partly 
due to this that the County's present cut of chestnut for poles has 



Harford County. 



89 



reached so large a figure. Chestnut is the most suitable of local woods 
for this use, and a ready market for such stock has materially assisted 
in disposing of timber attacked by the blight. But on account of the 
prevalence of this disease, the best prices have not always obtained on 
the material sold. A good market for ties has also been created by the 
62 miles of railway which traverse the County. 

Manufacturers and dealers in wood are not particularly numerous 
or important here, although there are yards at Bel Air, Cardiff, Falls- 
ton, Havre de Grace, Lapidum and Ferryman, which represent this 
branch of the lumber business in Harford County. The County as a 
whole possesses good markets and excellent means of transportation, 
both by water and rail, so that the forest industry contributes sub- 
stantially to its general wealth and agricultural prosperity. 



90 



The Forests of Maryland. 



Harford County, 
SUMMAEY OF THE LUMBER AND TIMBEE CUT. 



Product. 


Amount. 


Unit Value. 


Total Value. 




4,274,000 Board Feet 


$17.00 per M 


$72,658 




667 Cords 


7.00 per Cord 


4,669 


Railroad Ties: 








Mixed Oak 


16,475 


.65 each 


10,709 




9,675 


.25 each 


2,419 


Piling: Oak 


36,750 Lineal Peet 


.10 per Foot 


3,675 




20,250 Lineal Feet 


.10 per Feet 


2,025 




2,050 Cords 


3.25 per Cord 


6,663 




4,590 


3.00 each 


13,770 




150,000 


4.25 per M 


637 


Lath 


125,000 


3.25 per M 


406 




5,925 


.12 each 


711 


The County 


774,555 Cubic Feet 




$118,342 



WOODED AREA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER BY ELECTION DISTRICTS. 



Dist. No. 


Total 
Land 
Area. 


Wooded 
Area. 


Per Cent 
Wooded. 


1 

Stand of Saw Timber in Board Feet 
(Doyle Log Rule). All Trees 
More Than Nine Inches in 
Diameter. 


S 


;umjpage Val 


lie. 


Acres. 


Acres. 


% 


Hardwood 
M Bd. Ft. 


Pine 
M Bd. Ft. 


Total 
M Bd. Ft. 


Hardwood 
$5.00 
per M. 


Pine 
$5.00 
per M. 


Total 
$. 


1 

2 
3 
4 

5 


42,265 
65,730 
58,394 
64,522 
52,098 


19,809 
16,422 
14,877 
16,017 
14,747 


47 
25 
25 
25 
28 


37,720 
38,790 
25,322 
25,460 
19,912 


96 


37,816 
38,790 
25,330 
25,504 
19,912 


$188,600 
193,950 
126,610 
127,300 
99,560 


$480 


$189,080 
193,950 
126,650 
127,520 
99,560 


8 
44 


40 
220 






The County 


283,009 


81,872 


29 


147,204 


148 


147,352 


$736,020 


$740 


$736,760 




MAP OF 

HARFORD COUNTY 

SHOWING THE 

FOREST AREAS 

By 

COMMERCIAU TYPES 

PREPARED BY 

F. W. BESLEY 



MARYLAND BOARD OF FORESTRY 
WM. BULLOCK CLARK F. W. BESLEY 

EXECUTIVE OFFICER STATE FORESTER 

1915 

SCALE: 

1 Inch equals 3 Miles or -i— of Nauira! Scale 
187,500 

FOREST SURVEY. 1 909 




TYPES 

Merchantable Hardwoods (M) 
Culled Hardwoods (C) 
Hardwood Sapiings (Hs) 



Scrub Pine (S) 

Scrub Pine Saplings (Ss) 




STAND OF SAW TIMBER PER ACRE 





IN BOARD FEET 






- - - - 6,000 - 


10,000 


M = 


- - - 2,500 - 


6,000 


C 


- 1,500 — 


2,500 


C= 


500 — 


1,500 


C 


- - 0 - 


500 


S = 


1,000 — 


3,000 


S = 


0 - 


1,000 



HOWARD COUNTY. 



Howard, ohq of the smallest counties of the State, lies in the cen- 
tral portion, between the Patapsco and Patuxent Rivers. It is in the 
Piedmont Plateau, though adjacent to the Coastal Plain. The surface 
is rolling to hilly, and well-watered, with soil of exceptional quality. 
Seventy-one per cent of the total surface is improved farm land under 
tillage, in this respect rankiiig third in Maryland. Local soils are gen- 
erally of the loam type, which is well adapted for general farming 
where surface conditions permit. There is, however, a fair amount of 
absolute forest land, which, due to quality of soil and efficient fire pro- 
tection, is at present quite productive. 

The Forests. 

Of the county's entire area, 25 per cent is classed as wooded, there 
being a very even distribution of forest lands throughout the eountj'. 
They are frequently in small areas owned by farmers, and in general 
well cared for by them. Oak predominates, and there are numerous 
heavy stands of timber in the central and northern parts ; in the south- 
em section, where transportation facilities have been better, the 
forests are more severely culled, and the resulting stands of timber not 
so heavy. The forests are nearly all of the mixed hardwood type, 
with the pine stands confined almost exclusively to the southeastern 
part, where the Coastal Plain and Piedmont formations overlap. The 
pine found here is the scrub pine, a tree of low timber value. Mixed 
oaks are most important, and next to them are tulip poplar, hickory 
and chestnut, although as compared to some of the adjacent counties 
there is very little of the latter here. 

The forests of Howard County are 96 per cent hardwood, accord- 
ing to the survey made in 1910, with only 4 per cent of pure pine 
stands. Of this, 9,399 acres contain stands of 5,000 board feet up- 
ward, and 27,709 acres of timber amounting to less than this. The 
stands of pine, 1,536 acres in extent, are all of less than 5,000 board 
feet per acre. 

Uses of the Forests. 

Looked at comparatively, the forest industries of this county are 
by no means unimportant for its size. The cut in 1914 of the 12 saw- 



91 



92 



The Forests of Maryland. 



mills, and other operators, aggregated 599,455 cubic feet, with a value 
of $64,696. Lumber ranked first, followed by eordwood, shingles, rail- 
road ties, pulpwood, poles, and piling. The amount of eordwood cut 
and sold is no doubt in part accounted for by the proximity of the Bal- 
timore City market, while the sale of pulpwood is something new as a 
local forest industry. The markets available for the other products 
are most excellent, and would probably be able to absorb any increas- 
ed production which better forest management might bring about in 
this locality. 

There are lumber yards at Elkridge and EUicott City, but no other 
wood-using industries worthy of mention in the county. With im- 
proved systems of State and County highways, and the 44 miles of 
railway lines also passing through this county, it is possible to market 
the raw material advantageously at other points, so that the manufac- 
turing branch of this business has received but little attention here. 
With the markets of Baltimore and Washington so easily accessible, 
there is every inducement for the practice of better forest management 
in Howard County. 



Howard County. 



93 



Howard County. 
SUMMAEY OF THE LUMBER AND TIMBER CUT. 



Product. 


Amount. 


Unit Value. 


Total Value. 




1,884,000 Board 


Feet 


$18.00 per M 


$33,912 




93,000 Board 


Feet 


15.00 per M 


1,395 




500 Cords 




6.50 per Cord 


3,250 




8,500 




.50 each 


4,250 




20,000 Lineal 


Feet 


.10 per Foot 


2,000 




3,700 Cords 




3.50 per Cord 


12,950 




800 




3.00 each 


2,400 




1,068,000 




4.25 per M 


4,539 


The County 


599,455 Cubic 


Feet 




$64,696 



WOODED AREA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER BY ELECTION DISTRICTS. 



Dist No. 


Total 
Land 
Area. 


Wooded 
Area. 


Per Cent 
Wooded. 


Stand of Se 
(Doyle 
More 
Diamet 


iw Timber in Board Feet 
Log Rule). All Trees 
Than Nine Inches in 
3r. 


Stumpage Value. 




Acres. 


Acres. 


% 


Hardwood 
M Bd. Ft. 


Pine 
M Bd. Ft. 


Total 
M Bd. Ft. 


Hardwood 
$4.00 
per M. 


Pine 
$5.00 
per M. 


Total 
$ 


1 


12,561 


3,396 


27 


8,024 


14 


8,038 


$40,120 


$70 


$40,190 


2 


19,621 


5,323 


27 


24,417 


30 


24,447 


122,085 


150 


122,235 


3 


27,741 


7,697 


28 


22,917 


20 


22,937 


114,585 


100 


114,685 


4 


39,699 


8,070 


20 


12,280 


10 


12,290 


61,400 


50 


61,450 


5 


36,349 


8,580 


24 


22,793 


14 


22,807 


113,965 


70 


114,035 


6 


23,471 


5,588 


24 


8,787 


22 


8,809 


43,935 


110 


44,045 


The County 


159,442 


38,644 


25 


99,218 


110 


99,328 


$496,090 


$550 


$496,640 



96 



The Forests op Maryland. 



chestnut, and locust. Of the three types of forest in the county, the 
mixed hardwood covers 97 per cent of the entire area; mixed hard- 
wood and pine, 2 per cent, and pine, 1 per cent, being found in only 
three and two districts, respectively. There are 33,776 acres of forest 
in Kent County, and the stand of timber is 50,019,000 board feet. Of 
this, the survey of 1907 showed that there were 6,787 acres of hard- 
wood amounting to 5,000 feet or over to the acre, and 26,063 acres of 
less than this; 483 acres of mixed hardwood and pine of less than 
5,000 feet; and 443 acres of pure pine, also under 5,000 feet per 
acre. 

Uses op the Forests. 

Saw timber in this county has become so scarce that practically all 
species of any commercial importance are now cut and marketed for 
lumber, the 1914 cut of 10 local mills amounting to 1,326,000 board 
feet of pine and hardwood. Other than this the cut consisted of rail- 
road ties, fence posts, piling, cordwood, pulpwood, poles, mine props, 
and shingles, these products being given here in order of their rela- 
tive value. The total cut was 382,870 cubic feet, worth $53,047, and 
represents the output of the millmen, and many smaller operators or 
individual farmers. The sawmills are nearly all of the small portable 
kind, which move from place to place wherever stumpage is obtain- 
able ; most of the timber cut is used at home, and much is imported for 
construction purposes in addition to that which is locally supplied. 
The 30 miles of railroad lines constitute a readily available market 
for cross-ties, the high prices paid furnishing a strong incentive to cut 
young timber which has not fully matured, either financially or other- 
wise; the demand for telegraph and telephone poles has caused most 
of the chestnut suitable for that purpose to be removed ; posts to the 
number of 36,000 were used for renewing old fence lines and building 
new ones in the county ; while the quantity of wood used for fuel is 
always an item of some importance here. Other forest products got- 
ten out in lesser amounts were piling, mine props, shingles and pulp- 
wood. At Cliestertowu and Rock Hall alone there are wood-using 
establishments which annually convert over 1,500,000 feet of rough 
material to manufactured products which include baskets, barrels, 
crates, flooring, ceiling, interior finish, window and door frames, but 
in this county, as elsewhere, the producing end of the timber business 
if of greater importance than the industries which manufacture wood 
or timber. 

This being so, it lends emphasis to the fact that in view of present 
forest conditions a greatly increased timber output would be possible 



PLATE XIII. FIG. 1. — THE PLANTED FOREST, 



Twenty years old, the present stand of black \\'alnut has reached an average diameter at breast 
height ("D. B. H.") of 8 inches, a height of 45 feet. The success of such 
investments is today practically assured. 




EIent County. 



97 



under improved management. The fullest degree of production is 
only possible where existing woodlands are . adequately stocked with 
growing trees, and the maximum yield, quantity and quality may only 
be obtained by encouragement of the species best adapted to each loca- 
tion, as well as those for which there exists the chief demand. This 
means elimination of the undesirable species, the weed-trees, and full 
protection against fires and other destructive agencies. 



98 



The Forests op Maryland. 



Kent County. 



SUMMAEY OF THE LUMBER AND TIMBER CUT. 



Product. 


Amount. 


Unit Value. 


Total Value. 




1,210,000 Board Feet 


$18.00 per M 


$21,780 




116,000 Board Feet 


-15.00 per M 


1,740 




565 Cords 


6.00 per Cord 


3,390 




13,500 


.60 each 


8,100 


Piling 


46,800 Lineal Feet 


.10 per Foot 


4,680 




1,080 Cords 


3.50 per Cord 


3,780 




250 Tons 


2.25 per Ton 


563 




1,080 


3.00 each 


3,240 




90,000 


4.15 per M 


374 




36,000 


.15 each 


5,400 


The County 


382,870 Cubic Feet 




$53,047 



WOODED AREA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER BY ELECTION DISTRICTS. 



Dist. No. 


Total 
Land 
Area. 


Wooded 
Area. 


Per Cent 
Wooded. 


Stand of Saw Timber in Board Feet 
(Doyle Log Rule). All Trees 
More Than Nine Inches in 
Diameter. 


1 

Stumpage Value. 


Acres. 


Acres. 


% 


Hardwood 
M Bd. Ft. 


Pine 
M Bd. Ft. 


Total 
M Bd. Ft. 


Hardwood 
$5.00 
per M. 


Pine 
$5.00 
perM. 


Total 

$- 


1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 


43,405 
42,374 
26,419 
5,376 
19,059 
23,642 
19,597 


10,404 
4,799 
4,488 
609 
4,029 
4,834 
4,613 


24 
11 
17 
11 
21 
20 
24 


14,119 
9,722 
5,539 
1,311 
3,888 
8,826 
6,455 


60 
9 


14,179 
9,731 
5,539 
1,311 
3,978 
8,826 
6,455 


$70,595 
48,610 
27,695 
6,555 
19,440 
44,130 
32,275 


$300 
45 


$70,895 
48,655 
27,695 
6,555 
19,890 
44,130 
32,275 






90 


450 










The County 


179,872 


33,776 


19 


49,860 


159 


50,019 


$249,300 


$795 


$250,095 



MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 

Montgomery is the southernmost of the Piedmont counties, lying 
immediately north of the District of Columbia. It is bordered on the 
south by the Potomac Eiver. The northern and western parts of the 
county consist of rolling land with a few prominent hills, while the 
southeastern section, bordering on the Coastal Plain, is very nearly 
flat. The lowest elevation is adjacent to the Potomac River in the ex- 
treme southern section, and only about 50 feet above sea level, while 
the highest is in the most northern part where an altitude of 800 feet 
is reached. The principal elevation, however, extends through the cen- 
tral part of the county, from north to south, with a gradual rise to 
form an elevation which farther north is known as Parr's Ridge. The 
soils are mainly of sands and clay loam typical of the Piedmont 
Plateau, becoming almost pure sand in the southeastern section near 
the Prince George's County line. The forest areas are rather evenly 
distributed, and there is comparatively little land in the county that 
is not suitable for tillage, such areas consisting usually of rocky knoUs 
and steeper hillsides, found somewhat scattered all through the county. 

The Forests. 

Just 22 per cent of Montgomery County is wooded, and the only 
large areas of woodland found are those near Rockville and to the 
south, with a few fair-sized tracts of forest around Buck Lodge. 
Nearly all the forests are of the characteristic mixed hardwood type 
prevalent all along the Piedmont Plateau. The only areas where pine 
is abundant are east of Rockville and in the vicinity of Clarksburg. 
The principal timber species are chestnut, white oak, some of the 
mixed oaks, tulip poplar and hickory. Chestnut, in mixture with the 
oaks, is found generally distributed over the county, often occurring 
in pure stands on the ridges and upper slopes in the northern and 
northwestern sections of the county. Such stands are usually of cop- 
pice growth, and consist principally of small trees which have been 
less damaged by the blight than in any other part of the Piedmont 
section. White oak is most abundant in the southern and eastern sec- 
tions of the county, where it occurs in mixture with black, pin and 
Spanish oaks, tulip poplar, hickory and chestnut. 



99 



100 



The Forests op Maryland. 



Mixed oaks — which include the Spanish, scarlet, pin and red oaks 
— are generally distributed over the county, but are most abundant in 
the southern and southeastern sections. Scarlet, post and black oaks 
occur on the ridges in the poorer and dryer soils, while the pin, red 
and Spanish oaks are more commonly found on the lower slopes and 
along the streams, where conditions of soil and moisture are usually 
more favorable. Tulip poplar occurs in all parts of Montgomery 
County, but is not present in sufficient quantity to constitute a very 
important factor. It grows on the deep, moist soils adjacent to ravines 
and streams, almost invariably in mixture with other species and 
forming but a small percentage of the whole. Individual trees grow- 
ing in favorable locations attain large dimensons, but the high value of 
this species has encouraged its cutting to such an extent that practi- 
cally none of the original growth is left. 

The forests of Montgomery County are 94 per cent hardwood, 4 
per cent pine, and 2 per cent mixed hardwood and pine, according to 
the Forest Survey made of this county in 1910. There are 4,823 acres 
of the first-named where the stand equals or exceeds 5,000 board feet 
per acre, and 59,416 acres of hardwoods amounting to less than this ; 
272 acres of pine amounting to more than 5,000 feet, and 2,806 acres 
of less; and 1,504 acres of mixed stands, all below 5,000 feet per acre. 

Uses op the Forests. 

There are 28 large producers of lumber and timber in this county 
who in 1914 were estimated to have cut and marketed 1,215,545 cubic 
feet of wood, with a value at the shipping point of $175,422. This is a 
considerable cut for a county with so small a percentage of forest land, 
and necessarily exceeds substantially the annual growth. However, it 
is made possible by the relatively large size of this county's total land 
area, the seventh in the State in this respect, and it is probable that 
the present cut may be maintained for several years. In order of 
amount and value lumber comes first, followed by cordwood, poles, 
piling, railroad ties, pulpwood, lath, shingles, and tanbark. It wiU be 
noted that the cut of cordwood is unusually heavy, and it is probably 
accounted for in part by the nearby market of Washington, as well as 
that of Rockville, in the county. As to transportation, 15 miles 
of trolley lines and 32 of railway furnish ample facilities for market- 
ing the county's forest products. But little manufacturing of wood 
is conducted, though there are two planing mills and yards at 
Gaithersburg, with a chair and box manufactory at Washington 
Grove. 



MONTGOMEKY CoUNTY. 



101 



There is a constant decrease in the wooded area of this county, due 
to the clearing of land, and while this at present is very gradual, it 
seems likely to continue. There are, on the other hand, a few areas in 
the southeastern part of the county which, once cleared and cultivat- 
ed, are now growing up in pine. The small woodlots here are as a 
rule better eared for than the larger tracts, for the farmer removes 
only from time to time such material as firewood and a small amount 
for building purposes, while in tracts of larger size the timber is 
usually sold outright to sawmill operators, who cut practically every- 
thing of value, and leave the remaining woodland in a depleted con- 
dition. This practice of culling has been continued for several years, 
and the quality of existing forests has in consequence manifested 
steady deterioration. 



102 



The Forests of Maryland. 



Montgomery County. 
SUMMARY OF THE LUMBER AND TIMBER CUT. 



Product. 


Amount. 


Unit Value. 


Total Value. 




4,335,000 Board Feet 


.$17.00 per M 


$73,695 


Softwood 


3,230,000 Board Feet 


14.00 per M 


45,220 


Pulpwood 


680 Cords 


6.00 per Cord 


4,080 


Railroad Ties 


11,490 


.55 each 


6,320 


Piling 


119,000 Lineal Feet 


.10 per Foot 


11,900 


Cordwood : Oak 


2,450 Cords 


4.50 per Cord 


11,025 


Pine 


1,175 Cords 


3.50 per Cord 


4,112 


Tan Bark 


150 Tons 


8.50 per Ton 


1,275 


Poles 


4,340 


3.00 each 


13,020 


Shingles 


3,750,000 


4.50 per M 


1,688 


Latli 


950,000 


3.25 per M 


3,087 


The County., 


1,215,.545 Cubic Feet 




$17.5,422 



WOODED AREA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER BY ELECTION DISTRICTS. 



Dist. No. 


Total 
Land 
Area. 


Wooded 
Area. 


Per Cent 
Wooded. 




Stand of Saw Timber in Board Feet 
(Doyle Log Rule). All Trees 
More Thau Nine Inches in 
Diameter. 


Stumpage Value. 




Acres. 


Acres. 


. % 


Hardwood 
MHd. Ft. 


Pine 
M Bd. Ft. 


Total 
M Bd. Ft. 


Hardwood 
$5.00 

per M. 


Pine 
$5.00 
per M. 


Total 
$ 


1 


26,730 


5,531 


20 


13,369 


271 


13,640 


$66,845 


$1,355 


$68,200 


2 ■ 


22,805 


6,394 


28 


11,217 


513 


11,730 


56,085 


2,565 


58,650 


3 


38,821 


4,846 


12 


8,728 


31 


8,759 


43,640 


155 


43,795 


4 


22,808 


5,165 


23 


7,424 


243 


7,667 


37,120 


1,215 


38,335 


5 


19,675 


5,493 


28 


7,967 


136 


8,103 


39,835 


680 


40,515 


6. 


26,449 


6,370 


24 


11,984 


1,225 


13,209 


59,920 


6,125 


66,045 


7 


6,757 


4,143 


61 


7,907 


111 


8,018 


39,.535 


555 


40,090 


8 


29,675 


4,427 


l.j 


14,108 


31 


14,139 


70,.540 


155 


70,695 


9 


19,950 


3,658 


18 


• 6,846 


241 


7,087 


34,230 


1,205 


35,435 


10 


19,256 


6,770 


35 


13,495 


947 


14,442 


67,475 


4,735 


72,210 


11 
12 


23,420 
21,785 


4,533 


19 


8,060 
, 5,360 




8,060 


40,300 
26,800 




40,300 
27,105 


4,876 


23 


61 


5,421 


305 


13 


23,750 


6,618 


28 


• 13,875 


3,703 


17,578 


69,375 


' 18,515 


87,890 


The County 


302,881 


68,821 


22 


130,340 


7,513 


137,853 


$651,700 


$37,565 


$689,265 



I 




r 



PRINCE GEORGE'S COUNTY. 

Prince George's County lies in two physiographic divisions, which 
give it a somewhat varied topography. The highest elevations, about 
400 feet above sea level, occur in the northern part, extending south- 
ward at a decreasing height through the central portion of the county 
to form the divide between the-Patuxent on the east and the Potomac 
to the west, where tidewater is reached. Fully five-sixths of the coun- 
ty lies within the so-called Coastal Plain, but as its surface is made up 
almost entirely of a succession of low hills and narrow valleys, there is 
little resemblance here to the Coastal Plain section east of the Chesa- 
peake. Along the lower Patuxent River, and a few of the tidal creeks 
tributary to the Potomac, are to be found narrow strips of fresh water 
marshes. Drainage, on the whole, is excellent, and conditions general- 
ly conducive to a forest growth of both good volume and high quality. 
The soils vary from light sand to stiff clay, but for the most part they 
are sandy loams almost equally adapted to forest or farm, except on 
the steeper slopes, where a forest cover is necessary for keeping the 
loose soils intact. 

The Forests. 

The county 's present wooded area amounts to 41 per cent, al- 
though its earliest history shows an area well covei'ed with forest. The 
section along the Patuxent River was known at the time of its settle- 
ment as ' ' The Forests of Prince George, ' ' but since it was the first to 
be settled it has now the smallest percentage of forest land of any part 
of the county. Throughout the county the hardwoods were early ex- 
ploited, being in good demand for saw timber, later for railroad ties, 
piling, and poles, so that they have now been repeatedly culled, leav- 
ing in the original forests open places which have been reseeded by 
the scrub pine. The first forests were almost universally of the mixed 
hardwood type, but the process of natural agricultural development 
has brought about two other types, the pure pine and the hardwood- 
pine. The pine common to the county will not grow to any appreci- 
able extent under the shade of hardwoods, but it almost invariably 
comes in after cultivation has been abandoned on lands that were once 
farmed. 



103 



104 



The Forests op Maryland. 



Mixed hardwoods comprise 72 per cent of the total area of wood- 
land ; the pure pine type 18 per cent ; and the hardwood-pine 10 per 
cent. On the higher, dryer hills and ridges are commonly found chest- 
nut, scarlet and post oaks; on the lower slopes, hickory, tulip poplar, 
white, black and Spanish oaks. On the low lands along the water- 
courses, and the undrained flats which occupy a small percentage of 
the wooded area, are red maple, willow, black gum, river birch, willow 
and pin oaks. In the pine stands which occur in the northern, south- 
eastern, and southwestern sections of the county the two species repre- 
sented are the scrub and pitch pines, the latter occuring only occasion- 
ally on sandy soils along the edge of swamps, and seldom in sufficient 
numbers to constitute a. stand. Pine and oak, chiefly white oak, are 
found in mixture in the northern half of the county. On the 127,200 
acres of forest land is a stand of saw timber aggregating 176,627,000 
board feet. The Prince George's County Forest Survey, 1907, indi- 
cates hardwoods of 5,000 feet or more on 2,122 acres of land, and of 
less than 5,000 on 89,124 acres ; pine stands, all under 5,000 feet, on 
23,755 acres; mixtures of both over an acrea of 12,199 acres, all of 
which is also less than 5,000 board feet per acre. 



Uses of the Forests. 

The annual cut of lumber, ties, pulp wood, cord wood, staves, piling, 
poles, mine props, export logs, and posts, to name the different forest 
products in order of value, totals 1,388,000 cubic feet of wood, for the 
year 1914, with a value at the 32 mills, or other shipping points, of 
$161,939. It is therefore manifest that local woodlands contribute 
largely to the prosperity of the county, and the products of the forest 
rank next to those of agriculture as an important source of revenue. 
Although it is probable that the cut of hardwoods has decreased with- 
in recent years, it is equally true that the use of the pines, particu- 
larly the scrub, has shown a growing demand and a correspondingly 
heavy cut. The use of scrub pine for pulpwood began in the county 
about fifteen years ago, and has shown a steady increase since. 
For staves also the pine lias come to be widely used, and to a lesser ex- 
tent for railroad ties, the latter \isually receiving some preservative 
treatment before use. There are approximately 100 miles of steam 
and electric lines in this county, all of which help to make most of the 
timbered regions easily accessible, as well as furnishing excellent 
markets for some of their forest products. The wood-using industries 
of this county are restricted to yards at Berwyn, Capitol Heights, 
Hyattsville, Laurel, Riverdale, and Upper Marlboro, with planing 



PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. — ERODED LANDS IN SOUTHERN MARYLAND. 



Destructive erosion is usually the consequence of cutting forests from rolling lands which should 
remain in timber growth. This abuse of the land is not confined to a single section of the State. 




PLATE XIV. PIG. 2. — ^THE STATE FOREST NURSERY. 

Supplied with thousands of growing trees in the species best adapted to this State, the Forest Nursery, 
College Park, is the State's answer to the often expressed need of 
suitable stock for forest planting. 



Prince George's County. 



105 



mills at Berwyn and Riverdale, all concerns depending upon the retail 
trade of their respective sections. 

The forests of Prince George's County, like those of others in the 
State, are readily susceptible to improved methods, and respond readi- 
ly to forest management of the right sort. Where the forests have 
been abused by excessive and injurious cutting, and perhaps injured 
repeatedly by fires, the first consideration must be to get them as fully 
stocked as possible. This may often be accomplished by natural seed- 
ing where the w^oodland is efficiently protected from fire, and exces- 
sive grazing prevented. Where the present stand consists only of 
scattered trees of undesirable kinds, and there are not a sufficient 
number of seed trees of the better species to restock the land effectual- 
ly, it is advisable that the land be cut clean, and replanted with an 
5,dequate number of some more useful trees. 



106 



The Forests op Maryland. 



Prince George's County. 
SUMMAEY OF THE LUMBER AND TIjMBER CUT. 



Product. 



Amount. 



Unit Value. 



Total Value. 



Lumber : Hardwood « 

Softwood 
Pulpwood : Poplar . 

Gum . . 
Pine . . . 
Railroad Ties: 

White Oak 

Mixed Oak 

Chestnut 

Pine 

Piling 

Cordwood : Oak . . . 

Pine . . . 

Mine Props 

Staves 

Poles 

Shingles 

Posts : Cedar . . '. . . 

Chestnut . . 
Export Logs: 

Walnut 

Poplar 



The County. 



2,457,000 Board Eeet 
810,000 Board Feet 
450 Cords 
450 Cords 
2,700 Cords 

31,500 
63,000 
12,600 
900 

52,000 Lineal Feet 
■ 1,200 Cords 
2,400 Cords 
480 Tons 
855,000 Pieces 

900 
180,000 
2.700 
900 

13,000 Board Feet 
14,000 Board Feet 



$17.00 per M 

14.00 per M 

6.50 per Cord 

6.50 per Cord 

4.50 per Cord 

.70 each 

.50 each 

.20 each 

.30 each 

.11 per Foot 
5.00 per Cord 
4.00 per Cord 
2.25 per Ton 
7.50 per M 
3.50 each 
4.50 per M 

.20 each 

.12 each 

50.00 per M 
30.00 per M 



1,388,000 Cubic Feet 



$41,769 
11,340 
2,925 
2,925 
12,150 

22,050 
31,500 
2,520 
270 
5,720 
6,000 
9,600 
1,080 
6,412 
3,150 
810 
540 
108 

650 
420 



$161,939 



WOODED AREA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER BY ELECTION DISTRICTS. 











Stand of Saw Timber in Board Feet 










Total 


Wooded 


Per Cent 


(Doyle Log Rule). 


All Trees 


Stumpage Value. 




Land 


Area; 


Wooded. 


More Than Nine 


Inches in 








Dist. No. 


Area. 






Diamete 


r. 
















% 


Hardwood 


Pine 


Total 


Hardwood 
$4.00 


Pine 
.$4.00 


Total 
$ 




Acres. 


Acres. 


M Bd. Ft. 


M Bd. Ft. 


M Bd. Ft. 


per M . 


per M. 


1 


23,083 


12,492 


54 


0,845 


11,705 


17,550 


$23,380 


$46,820 


$70,200 


2 


8,806 


4,481 


51 


2,444 


5,721 


8,165 


9,776 


22,884 


32,660 


3 


15,360 


4,134 


27 


5,265 




5,265 


21,060 




21,060 


4 


24,678 


7,272 


29 


10,106 


1,082 


11,188 


40,424 


4,328 


44,752 


5 


31,149 


17,127 


58 


13,052 


14,213 


27,265 


52,208 


56,852 


109,060 


6 


14,605 


6,199 


42 


4,397 


800 


5,197 


17,588 


3,200 


20,788 


7 


29,581 


6,723 


23 


9,864 


104 


9,968 


39,456 


416 


39,872 


8 


19,866 


9,448 


48 


7,883 


5,723 


13,606 


31,532 


22,892 


54,424 


9 


17,683 


8,329 


47 


6,341 


3J38 


10,079 


25,364 


14,952 


40,316 


10 


7,885 


2,982, 


38 


2,034 


877 


2,911 


8,136 


3,508 


11,644 


11 


28,595 


16,833 


59 


13,368 


5,080 


18,448 


53,472 


20,320 


73,792 


12 


12,122 


3,736 


31 


3,688 


701 


4,389 


14,752 


2,804 


17,556 


13 


21,645 


7,389 


34 


6,180 


6,.532 


12,712 


24,720 


26,128 


50,848 


14 


24,742 


13,987 


57 


9,675 


10,399 


20,074 


38,700 


41,596 


80,296 


15 


19,571 


3,986 


20 


5,180 


381 


5,561 


20,720 


1,524 


22,244 


16 


7,501 


2,082 


28 


2,522 


1,727 


4,249 


10,088 


6,908 


16,996 


The County 


306,872 


127,200 


41 


107,844 


68,783 


176,627 


$431,376 


$275,132 


$706,508 



QUEEN ANNE'S COUNTY. 



Queen Anne's County lies on the eastern shore of Chesapeake Bay ; 
it is south of the Chester River, its principal inland waterway; and 
borders Delaware on the east. The main topographical features are 
flat to gently rolling lands which vary in altitude from 10 feet along 
the tidal rivers to about 100 feet in the east-central part of the county. 
There is a slight elevation extending through the central part, divid- 
ing the drainage of the Chester and Tuckahoe Rivers, while the whole 
surface is broken up by numerous small streams and sluggish creeks. 
The predominating soil of the higher portion is a rich Sassafras loam, 
with small areas of sandy soils along the Chester River. Queen 
Anne's is distinctly an agricultural coTinty, with a considerable 
amount of forest land which will eventually be utilized for cultivated 
crops. 

The Forests. 

In this county occurs the southern extension of the pure hardwood 
forests so characteristic of central Maryland, with the addition of 
some new species and a considerable difference in their relative repre- 
sentation. With the exception of Kent Island, upon which the forests 
are principally Icblolly pine, the softwood areas are small and mostly 
of the scrub pine type. In all, 26 per cent of the county is in wood- 
land, generally in small, irregular patches, though in a few cases sev- 
eral hvmdred acres in extent. 

One of the chief differences of the forests of this county from those 
farther north is the small percentage of chestnut found, as it here 
reaches practically its southern limit of distribution on the Eastern 
Shore peninsula. There are few swampy areas, the only ones of any 
extent occurring in the northeastern part of the county, where the 
prevailing swamp hardwoods — red maple, red and black gums, and 
other species in smaller proportion — are found. The principal timber 
trees of the county are white, black, Spanish, willow, pin and red 
oaks, red maple, red gum, black gum, and hickory. As elsewhere, the 
white, red and black oaks are found on the better-drained soils, and 
furnish the great bulk of the timber cut in the county; while the 
other species occur on the poorer soils, and are only taken for timber 
when more desirable kinds are not available. 

107 



108 



The Forests op Maryland. 



Hardwood forests constitute 94 per cent of the county's total wood- 
ed area, the survey of 1909 shows, stands of pine, and of mixed hard- 
wood and pine, each being present to the extent of only 3 per cent. 
None of the hardwoods amount to over 5,000 board feet per acre, 
while there are 55,359 acres where the stand is less than this ; 166 acres 
of pine contains stands of 5,000 and more board feet per acre, and 
1,840 acres of less ; there are only 31 acres of mixed stands exceeding 
5,000 feet, and 1,874 of less. 

Uses of the Forests. 

The 1914 cut in Queen Anne's County from 26 mills and large 
timber operators aggregated 690,205 cubic feet, with a value of $83,- 
363. Lumber is of course heading the list, with the other forest pro- 
ducts, in order of their importance, cordwood, piling, poles, pulpwood, 
railroad ties, mine props, and lath. There are 54 miles of railroad 
lines in Queen Anne's Coiinty, with the extensive frontage of naviga- 
ble water providing adequate facilities for developing and marketing 
the forest resources. Wood-using industries are relatively unimport- 
ant, there being practically no manufacturing of wood carried on ex-, 
cept for a planing mill at Queen Anne, and a mill and yard at Ches- 
ter. There are in addition retail yards at Centreville, Church Hill,, 
and Sudlersville. 

By efficient fire protectioji and the practice of intensive forest 
management the forests, already favored by uniformly fertile soils, 
may easily be made one of the county's most important assets. They 
are at present, however, poorly managed or neglected, due in large 
part to the fact that about three-fourths of the farms are leased ta 
tenants, with certain unrestricted wood rights which are clearly inimi- 
cal to the better sort of forest management. 



Queen Anne's County. 



109 



Queen Anne "s County. 
SUMMAEY OF THE LUMBER AND TIMBEE CUT. 



Product. 


Amount. 


Unit Value. 


Total Value. 


Lumber: Hardwood 


2,400,000 Board Feet 


$18.00 per M 


$43,200 


Softwood 


1,380,000 Board J'eet 


15.00 per M 


20,700 


Pulpwood 


350 Cords 


5.50 per Cord 


1,925 




1,800 


.50 each 


900 


PiUng 


33,000 Lineal Feet 


.10 per Foot 


3,300 




3,400 Cords 


3.00 per Cord 


10,200 


Mine Props 


270 Tons 


2.25 per Ton 


608 




800 


3.00 each 


2,400 




40,000 


3.25 per M 


130 


The County 


690,205 Cubic Feet 




$83,363 



WOODED AEEA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBEE, BY ELECTION DISTEIOTS. 



Dist. No. 


Total 
Land 
Area. 


Wooded 
Area. 


Per Cent 
Wooded. 


Stand of Si 
(Doyle 
More 
Diametf 


iw Timber in Board Feet 
Log Eule). All Trees 
Than Nine Inches in 
jr. 


St 


umpage Value. 




Acres. 


Acres. 


yc 


Hardwood 
M Bd. Ft. 


Pine 
M Bd. Ft. 


Total 
M Bd. Ft. 


Hardwood 
$4.50 
per M. 


Pine 
$5.00 
per M. 


Total 
$ 


1 


46,338 


15,992 


35 


16,337 




16,337 


$73,516 
37,175 




$73,516 


2 


32,881 


6,722 


24 


8,261 


131 


8,392 


$655 


37,830 


3 


46,861 


13,134 


28 


16,130 


874 - 


17,004 


72,585 


4,370 


76,955 


4 


11,017 


2,522 


23 


572 


6,397 


6,969 


2,514 


31,985 


34,559 


5 


34,830 


6,731 


14 


8,050 


5,709 


13,759 


36,225 


28,545 


64,770 


6 


36,430 


9,349 


26 


12,318 


3 


12,321 


55,431 


15 


55,446 


7 


23,353 


4,820 


26 


3,891 


1,427 


5,318 


17,509 


7,135 


24,644 


The County 


231,770 


59,270 


26 


65,559 


14,.541 


80,100 


$295,015 


$72,705 


$367,720 



ST. MARY'S COUNTY. 



St. Mary's is the southernmost of the group of counties lying on 
the western shore of Chesapeake Bay and known as southern Mary- 
land. It is bordered on the east by the Patuxent River and Chesa- 
peake Bay, and on the south by the Potomac. The St. Mary's River, 
at the head of which the first settlement was made in Maryland in 
1634, forms the county's principal inland water course. The main 
topographic feature is a low plateau extending from Point Lookout, 
at the most southern end of the county, in a northeasterly direction to 
the Charles County line, a distance of 42 miles and the extreme length 
of the county. Along this plateau the highest elevations are about 
200 feet, the slope from this ridge being eastward toward the Patux- 
ent, and southwest, at tidewater, to the Potomac. 

This central plateau was called "The Forest" in early days, since 
it was almost entirely wooded, with the settlements and cleared areas 
largely confined to the shores of the Patuxent, Potomac, and their 
tributaries. As the settlements advanced inland, the section known 
as "The Forest" gradually lost its first significance, and the wooded 
areas become interspersed generally with cultivated land, so that at 
the present forest and farm land are almost equally divided, the only 
principal exception being adjacent to some of the streams, where there 
is a larger amount of cleared than forest land. 

The Forests. 

The present wooded area of St. Mary's County amounts to 51 per 
cent, a' very large amount, and one that is only exceeded by three 
others in the State. Fifty years ago, however, there was much more 
land under cultivation than today. The original forests were almost 
entirely of hardwood, but the abandonment of so much farm land at 
the close of the Civil War has gradually changed conditions in this 
county, accounting in marked degree for the larger proportion of pine 
in the present forests. 

The southeastern half of the county has the largest amounts of 
pine, because it was in this section that so much of the former farm 
land was permitted to grow up again in forest, and the prolific, light- 
seeded pine was the species to take possession of the abandoned clear- 
ings. The forests of the county may be divided into three types — 

111 



SOMERSET COUNTY. 



Somerset, the southernmost county of Maryland, lies at the lower 
part of the Eastern Shore peninsula, and directly on Chesapeake Bay, 
with several tidal rivers — among them the Manokin, Annemessex and 
Marumsco — cutting deeply into it, and the "Wicomico and Pocomoke 
Eivers touching its northerii and southern ends, respectively. There 
is little variety of topography, and the entire county is very charac- 
teristic of the Coastal Plain Division, of which it forms a part. In the 
northeast section, which has the highest elevations of any portion of 
the coimty, the soil is light and sandy ; in the southern and western 
sections there are large marshy areas along the tidal bays and streams. 
In general, the central and eastern parts of the county contain the 
best farm soils, which are usually of a loam type. In the southwest a 
large proportion of the lands are too wet to admit of cultivation with- 
out first clearing them of forest, an operation nearly always difficult 
because of the low elevations which prevail. One-third of the county 
is less than 10 feet above sea level, and the percentage of marsh land 
is increasing steadily. Somerset, it may be added, has the highest 
percentage of waste farm land of any county in the State, and next 
to the highest in salt marsh. 

The Forests. 

With the exception of the marshes, the entire county was originally 
in forest, and it is supposed that this first stand consisted principally 
of hardwoods. The gradual effect of settlement has been to reduce 
materially the wooded acreage. As the original areas were cut down, 
the population at the same time increased, and caused an even greater 
drain upon the forests which were left. Many of the larger areas have 
of course been completely deforested, and at the present time only 25 
per cent remains in woodland. Present forests are pretty commonly 
confined to fresh-water swamp lands and poorly drained soils in gen- 
eral, in such situations often occurring in large bodies two to three 
thousand acres in extent. Such forests as remain are rather evenly 
divided in their distribution, mixtures of softwoods and hard occur- 
ring in all parts of the county, as well as pure stands of pine and of 
mixed hardwoods, although in the extreme northeastern section thfr 
sandy soils have caused a corresponding preponderance of pine. 

115 



116 



The Forests of Maryland. 



In the west section of the county loblolly pine is invariably the - 
only tree that can withstand conditions along the borders of the pre- 
vailing swamps ; and in the gradual sinking of the shore line, and the 
encroaching of the marshes upon the dryer lands inside, this tree is 
the last to recede. Over the entire county there is a large amount of 
loblolly occurring wherever surface conditions are not too wet, and 
even in such areas this tree will be found growing on the hummocks 
with scattered hardwoods. In the northern third of the county where 
hardwoods commonly occur they are usually of a swamp type, con- 
sisting principally of scrubby oak and gum, while in the southern sec- 
tion — ■ particularly, though, in the sovithwest — ■ the white oak is more 
common, attaining a fair size and good quality. Red gum is also 
more abundant in the southern section of the county, where it is of 
noticeably better quality than in the northern part. Loblolly pine 
reaches its best development on the low, sandy loams in the southern 
half of Somerset, almost invariably growing in even-aged stands above 
a lower story of oaks and gnim. The demand for oak, particularly 
white oak, has been heavy, stripping the hardwood stands of their most 
valuable timber. After a clear cut, pine is the first to reseed, but 
heavily cut-over stands of hardwood are usually restocked with such 
relatively inferior species as black gum and red maple. Generally, 
however, the hardwood forests have suffered more than the pine 
stands, which, by reason of their consisting of a single species, and 
that of a kind possessing in marked degree powers of recuperation, 
have quickly recovered from the cuttings and naturally regenerated 
the land. 

Only 10 per cent of the forested area of Somerset county was in 
pure hardwoods when the survey of 1910 was made, with 42 per cent 
in pine (including a small amount of cypress) and 48 per cent in 
stands of both. Of this, the mixed hardwoods, 7,101 acres in extent, 
are all of less than 5,000 feet per acre ; 7,896 acres of pure pine stands 
contain timber amounting to 5,000 feet or over to the acre, and 20,843 
acres of less ; while stands of mixed hardwood and pine contain 5,601 
and 26,946 acres, respectively, according to this classification. 

Uses op the Forests. 

Though the percentage of forest land in Somerset County is not 
large, there is a relatively heavy cut of lumber and other forest prod- 
ucts, which in 1914 amounted to 2,742,423 cubic feet, with a value of 
$363,174 at shipping points. These figures represent the combined 
cuts of 46 mill and timber operators, and lumber heads the list in 
point of amount and value. Mine props are second, then barrel staves, 



ri-ATK W. l-'Ki. I. -I.OUUIXU l.N SorTIIKKX .MAKYLANI). 
Methods like these are well adapted to local conditions, which are often difficult for woods work. 



PLATE XV. FIG. 2.— PULPWOOD FOR SHIPMENT. 

Disregarded for many years as having little value, the scrub pine forests of Southern Maryland ar 
proving a growing source of revenue in counties where stands of this 
sort make up a large bulk of the forest area. 



Somerset County. 



117 



cordwood, barrel heads, piling, lath, railroad ties, and shingles. Som- 
erset has a cut of softwood or pine lumber only exceeded by that of 
four other counties — Dorchester, Garrett, Wicomico, and Worcester ; 
in mine props it heads the State. A large water frontage is respon- 
sible for a considerable cut of piling, and there is a somewhat limited 
market for cordwood, the greater part of which is pine. There are in 
all 35 miles of railway in this county, and the facilities for water ship- 
ping are unusual. Planing mills are located at Crisfield, Harold, and 
Princess Anne ; plants for box and crate making at Crisfield, Harold, 
Princess Anne, and Westover ; for barrels at Marion Station ; boats at 
Crisfield ; and a total of six yards at Crisfield, Harold, Marion Station, 
and Princess Anne. It would seem, with the timber supply at hand 
and the shipping facilities nearly everywhere available, that this 
branch of forest products might warrant some extension. There is 
about $125,000 invested in the timber business, which employs 400 
men. Such industries are of incalculable benefit to any county, and 
right management of local forest resources should make possible a 
continuance of these conditions, if not an actual improvement in them. 

Fortunately, there has come about in the last few years a decided 
change for the better in the attitude of landowners toward forests. 
When wood was very abundant, and consequently cheap, little atten- 
tion was ever given to the growing of this crop. Now, with the great 
increase in general timber values, more attention is being paid to the 
management of woodlands. There is also being experienced generally 
a very rapid rise in the values of farm land, and this also has resulted 
in more intensive farm management, with a consequent favorable re- 
action toward improved conditions in the woodlot. Of the farms of 
the county, 25 per cent are operated by tenants, and this farming un- 
der lease has always been an obstacle to the best kind of forest man- 
agement. The tenant cannot, of course, be expected to manifest to- 
ward the wooded portions of the farm exactly the same attitude as the 
owner. And since while upon the farm he is in practically complete 
control, it is difficult for the actual landowner to carry out any well- 
regulated system of forest management, even were he disposed to do 
so. In the past the average landowner has not always been apprecia- 
tive of the actual value of forest lands as a source of income, and this 
has resulted in their sometimes being managed at much less than their 
maximum of output. With the increase of values and changed condi- 
tions along these lines, it is anticipated that better forest management 
will in time receive the necessary impetus in Somerset County. 



118 



The Forests of Maryland. 



SoMEaisET County. 
SUMMAEY OF THE LUMBEE AND TIMBEE CUT. 



Product. 


Amount. 


Unit Value. 


Total Value. 


Lumber : Hardwood 


2,515,000 Board Feet 


$18.00 per M 


$45,270 


Softwood 


11,625,000 Board Feet 


16.00 per M 


186,000 


Eailroad Ties 


600 


.50 each 


300 


Piling 


32,500 Lineal Feet 


.10 per Foot 


3,250 


Cordwood : Oak 


565 Cords 


3.50 per Cord 


1,978 


Pine 


735 Cords 


2.50 per Cord 


1,837 


Mine Props 


41,470 Tons 


2.25 per Ton 


93,487 


Steves and Headings 


3,745,000 Pieces 


7.82+ per M 


29,299 


Shingles 


30,000 


4.25 per M 


128 


Lath 


500,000 


3.25 per M 


1,625 


The County 


2,742,423 Cubic Feet 




$363,174 



WOODED AEEA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBEE BY ELECTION DISTEIOTS. 



Dist. No. 



1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 



The County 



Total 
Land 
Area. 



Acres. 



22,430 
11,390 
64,600 
53,350 
11,970 
7,660 
2,030 
16,310 
4,160 
7,530 
7,530 
19,570 
2,510 
28,230 
13,910 



273,180 



Wooded 
Area. 



Acres. 



14,751 
3,805 
11,451 
11,792 
3,402 
1,252 
41 
3,279 
19 



72 
■ 392 
5,458 

22 
12,651 



68,387 



Per Cent 
Wooded. 



% 



66 
33 
17 
22 
29 
16 
20 
20 



1 
20 
22 



91 



25 



Stand of Saw Timber in Board Feet 
(Doyle Log Eule). All Trees 
More Than Nine Inches in 
Diameter. 



Hardwood 
M Bd. Ft. 



5,633 
250 
2,950 
3,950 
1,726 
143 



133 



3,386 
1,187 



19,358 



Pine 
M Bd. Ft. 



23,683 
7,880 
35,248 
32,059 
6,752 
2,022 
102 
13,480 
47 



70 
960 
7,884 

55 
2,499 



154,741 



Total 
M Bd. Ft. 



29,316 
8,130 
38,198 
36,009 
8,478 
2,165 
102 
13,613 
47 



70 
960 
11,270 

55 
25,686 



174,099 



Stumf)age Value. 



Hardwood 
$4.00 
per M. 



$22,532 
1,000 
11,800 
15,800 
6,904 
572 



532 



13,544 
4,748 



$77,432 



Pine 
$5.00 
perM. 



$118,415 
39,400 
176,240 
160,295 
33,760 
10,110 
510 



235 



350 
4,800 
39,420 
275 
122,495 



$706,305 



Total 



$140,947 
40,400 
188,040 
176,095 
40,664 
10,682 
510 
532 
235 



350 
4,800 
52,964 
275 
• 127,243 



$783,737 



TALBOT COUNTY. 



Talbot lies mid- way of the Eastern Shore peninsula, and directly 
on the Cheasapeake Bay. Two tide-water streams, the Miles and Tred 
Avon Rivers, extend for some distance into the county, and on the 
north and south respectively are the Wye and Choptank Rivers, also 
tide-water streams. These streams are the county's most distinctive 
topographic feature, dividing the land surface of fully two-thirds of 
the whole into a series of necks and peninsulas. The numerous water- 
courses, in addition to the unsurpassed means of transportation which 
they afford, constitute one of this region's chief charms, and have 
brought hundreds of people into the county to settle on river-front 
farms. Local soils vary somewhat in different portions of the county, 
though for the greater part they are either a silt loam or a light, sand 
loam, the former occurring particularly in the western section. 

The Forests. 

Of Talbot '& total land area, 29 per cent is wooded. These forests 
are rather evenly distributed, and frequently large areas of 500 acres 
or more occur, although such tracts consist usually of a number of 
woodlots contained in several neighboring farms. A forest map of Tal- 
bot County shows rather more hardwoods in the northern part than 
pine, while from the central portion south this proportion is reversed. 
However, there is much more pine than any other species, and nearly 
all of it is loblolly. In most cases the pine is growing in mixture with 
some of the hardwoods — of which the oaks, red and black gums, red 
maple and hickory are the most important. Good soil and generally 
excellent conditions of drainage combine to produce high-quality tim- 
ber, with perhaps more favorable conditions for its growth than in 
any other county of the Eastern Shore. Much of this land now in 
forest, however, is so eminently well suited for agriculture that a con- 
siderable percentage of it will no doubt be cleared eventually for cul- 
tivation. In fact, clearing is now quite extensively in progress in the 
southern and northeastern sections of the county. 

Considered as a whole, 19 per cent of Talbot County is in mixed 
hardwood stands ; 26 per cent in pine ; 55 per cent in mixed hardwood 
and pine. Some of this, particularly the pine, is in heavy stands : the 
Forest Survey, made 1910, showing 441 acres of hardwoods amount- 

119 



120 



The Forests op Maryland. 



ing to 5,000 board feet or more per acre, and 8,251 acres of less ; 6,942 
acres of pine of more than 5,000 feet per acre, with only 5,185 acres 
where the stand is less ; and 1,573 acres of mixed hardwoods and pine 
standing in excess of 5,000 feet per acre, with 23,430 acres of less. 

Uses op the Forests. 

There are 38 mill and timber operators in Talbot County, this 
number in 1914 producing a cut of 1,274,994 cubic feet, with a value 
of $137,212. The cut of lumber takes first place, cordwood next, then 
staves, poles, pulpwood, railroad ties, lath, shingles, and posts. Aside 
from the cut of lumber and cordwood, for which there exist good mar- 
kets, both in the county and farther up the Bay, the minor forest 
products are not of much importance here. The best of the tie mate- 
rial has probably already been removed, but the cut of pulpwood is 
scarcely more than commencing. Some manufacturing of wood is con- 
ducted in this county, wood-using industries being largely centered at 
Easton, although three other places are represented. There are retail 
yards at Easton, Oxford, Trappe, and St. Michael 's ; boat yards at Ox- 
ford ; planing mills at Oxford, Tunis Mills and Easton, as well as a 
plant at Easton for the manufacture of furniture. There are 43 miles 
of railroad lines in Talbot County, and facilities in general are favor- 
able for the conduct and development of most of the forest industries 
found here.. 



Talbot County. 



121 



Talbot County. 
SUMMAEY OF THE LUMBER AND TIMBER CUT. 



Product. 


Amount. 


Unit Value. 


Total Value. 


Lumber : Hardwood 


1,444,000 Board Feet 


$18.00 per M 


$25,992 


Softwood 


5,369,000 Board Feet 


15.00 per M 


80,535 




350 Cords 


6.00 per Cord 


2,100 




2,000 


.45 each 


900 


Piling 


20,000 Lineal Feet 


.08 per Foot 


1,600 




2,800 Cords 


3.50 per Cord 


9,800 


Pine 


4,200 Cords 


2.50 per Cord 


10,500 




350,000 Pieces 


7.50 per M 


2,625 


Poles 


800 


2.75 each 


2,200 




85,000 


4.25 per M 


361 




129,000 


3.25 per M 


419 


Poets 


1,200 


.15 each 


180 


The County 


1,274,994 Cubic Feet 




$137,212 



WOODED AREA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER BY ELECTION DISTRICTS. 











Stand of Saw Timber in 


Board Feet 










Total 


Wooded 


Per Cent 


(Doyle Log Rule). 


AU Trees 


Stumpage Value. 




Land 


Area. 


Wooded. 


More Than Nine 


Inches in 








Diet. No. 


Area. 






Diametf 


;r. 












Acres. 




% 


Hardwood 


Pine 


Total 


Hardwood 
$4.00 


Pine 
$5.00 


Total 
$ 




Acres. 


M Bd. Ft. 


M Bd. Ft. 


M Bd. Ft. 


per M. 


per M. 


1 


33,025 


14,369 


43 


52,795 


45,247 


98,042 


$211,180 


$226,235 


$437,415 


2 


21,217 


3,699 


17 


1,734 


18,620 


20,354 


6,936 


93,100 


100,036 


3 


43,253 


13,613 


32 


10,598 


23,382 


34,980 


42,392 


116,910 


159,302 


4 


50,676 


11,955 


24 


20,186 


32,829 


53,015 


80,744 


164,145 


244,889 


5 


10,609 


2,186 


21 


557 


7,292 


7,849 


2,228 


36,460 


38,688 


The County 


158,780 


45,822 


29 


85,870 


127,370 


214,240 


$343,480 


$636,850 


$980,330 



MAP ^ 

TALBOT C 

SHOWIMG 

FOREST A 

BY 

COMM ERCr Al 

PREPARED 

F. W. BES 



MARYLAND BOARD 
WM. BULLOCK CLARK 

EXECUTIVE OFFICER 

1915 

SCALE: 

] Inch pquals 3 M^iles or ^-^^ 



FOREST SURVE1 






■ - 8,000 




- - 3,000 


C 


- - 2.000 




- - 1,000 


c 


- - 0 




- 15,0®0 




- - 5,000 




0 ■ 


S' 


- - 4,000 - 




0 - 



1 



WASHINGTON COUNTY. 



Washington is one of the four mountain counties of the State, and 
lies in three different physiographic divisions. The western section 
forms a part of the Appalachians ; the central lies in the Hagerstown 
Valley ; while the eastern half is included in the Blue Ridge Moun- 
tains. The suface and soil conditions are in consequence variable. 

To Washington County attaches the distinction of being, at Han- 
cock, the narrowest part of Maryland, as at that point, from north to 
south, it is but two miles from Pennsylvania to West Virginia. In 
shape Washington County is not unlike a triangle, with the western 
end extended to join the Alleganj'^ County line. Frederick County is 
to the east, Pennsylvania on the north, and West Virginia and the Po- 
tomac River to the south. The highest elevation is Quirauk Mountain 
in the Blue Ridge, 2,145 feet above sea-level, while the lowest, only 
260 feet, is in the southeastern section near the Potomac. The soils of 
the Blue Ridge are generally sandy loams, while those prevailing in 
the Allegany Mountains are usually somewhat stiffer, with a greater 
proportion of clay. The soils of the Hagerstown Valley are of a clay- 
loam type, and the most productive in the State. 

The Forests. 

The county has a present wooded area placed at 24 per cent. Prob- 
ably one-half of the forests are in the western quarter of the county, 
and much of the remainder in the extreme east, with farm lands and 
scattering woodlots between. It is on these middle areas, however, 
where the trees are in great part growing on fertile soils, that the 
heaviest stands of timber may be found, though in size such areas are 
by far too small ever to rank as large producers. There is no pine of 
any consequence in the eastern or central portions of the county, but 
some considerable stands in the west where it grows in mixture with 
hardwoods, though nowhere constituting an important part of the for- 
est. Although several pines occur, the prevailing species is the scrub 
pine, of small size and little value. 

Chief among the hardwoods on the ridges and upper slopes in 
the western mountain sections are scarlet oak, chestnut oak, and chest- 
nut ; with black, white and red oaks on the lower slopes ; white oak, 
ash, elm, and tulip in the ravines. The occurrence and distribution 

123 



124 



The Forests op Maryland. 



of species in the Blue Ridge or eastern mountain section is very much 
the same, except that there is practically no pine, and greater amounts 
of chestnut and chestnut oak. The most important timber producers 
of the valley or central forests, in order of relative abundance, are the 
black, white and red oaks, hickory, ash, elm, black walnut, and maple, 
with black locust occurring in small patches throughout the county. 

The forests of Washington County, by the State 's Survey of 1911, 
are 83 per cent hardwood, 1 per cent pine, and 16 per cent mixed 
hardwood and pine. There are 4,022 acres of mixed hardwoods con- 
taining timber estimated at 5,000 board feet or over per acre, and 56,- 
160 acres where the stand is below this figure ; the 599 acres of pure 
pine, and the 11,493 acres of hardwood and pine, all amount to less 
than 5,000 feet per acre. 

Uses of the Forests. 

There are 26 mill and timber men in Washington County who re- 
ported a cut of 1,485,950 cubic feet for 1914, with a value of $190,850. 
The lumber cut was, and is, a very heavy item of the total, followed by 
considerable quantities of railroad ties, poles, cordwood, tanbark, 
pulpwood, mine props, posts and pinwood, the latter principally lo- 
cust for telephone use. The cut of ties is especially large, which is 
not surprising in view of the fact that in this county there are 32 mUes 
of electric lines and 91 of steam, it ranking next to Baltimore County 
in having the largest railway mileage in the State. 

Due in part, no doubt, to its facilities for transportation, Wash- 
ington County is a most important producer and manufacturer of 
timber. The cut of lumber is practically aU of hardwood, and this 
finds a ready sale not only in points outside, but in the largest city, 
Hagerstown, which ranks high in the State in size and number of 
wood-using industries. There are yards for selling lumber at Boons- 
boro, Cavetown, Hancock, Keedysville, Maugansville, Sharpsburg and 
Williamsport, planing mills at Hancock and Williamsport, and a fur- 
niture factory at Clear Spring, but the centre of the county's activi- 
ties along these lines is of course at Hagerstown. Reached by a net- 
work of railways, the city is well suited for manufacturing, and its 
plants for the manufacture of forest products are especially well de- 
veloped. There are 6 yards and planing mills, nearly all of them of 
considerable size ; 6 furniture plants ; 2 plants manufacturing wheel 
stock and 1, carriages; 1 refrigerator door plant; 1 large pipe organ 
manufactory; 1 plant turning out telephone pins; and 1 other which 
manufactures ironing boards, phonographs and novelties. These sev- 
eral industries mean, for the county, the employment of 1,285 men, 



Washington County. 



125 



and the annual consumption of 17,500,000 board feet of wood. From 
the standpoint of labor and profitable markets for raw material pro- 
duced, "Washington County could not afford to be without them. 

Although such industries are not always directly dependent for 
their operation upon nearby forest resources, there are a goodly num- 
ber of them which rely upon local woodlands for the timber they man- 
ixfacture. The owners of the latter in turn depend upon the Hagers- 
town market, and a trade between them has been built up which is in- 
valuable to both, and of actual cash value to the county as a whole. 
Right management of local forests will contribute to a maintenance 
of the present cvit and a continuation of the dependent industries. In 
the past the mountain forests, the most extensive in the county, have 
been greatly damaged, repeatedly, by fires. This is especially true of 
the section in the northern Blue Ridge and that along the Potomac 
west of Hancock, railroads in both cases having been the chief offend- 
ers in the past. Adequate fire protection throughout the county, ac- 
tive and hearty co-operation on the part of residents, and a general 
improvement in prevalent farm woodlot management, are the surest 
means to guarantee a sustained forest production and a continuance 
of the forest industries which must depend upon it. 



126 



The Forests of Maryland. 



Washington County. 
SUMMAEY OF THE LUMBEE AND TIMBER CUT. 



Product. 



Lumber : Hardwood 

Softwood 

Pulpwood 

Eailroad Ties : White Oak 
Mixed Oak 
Chestnut . . 

Cordwood 

Mine Props 

Tan Bark 

Poles 

Mine Ties 

Posts 

Pinwood 



The County 



Amount. 



4,685,000 Board Feet 
65,000 Board Feet 

900 Cords 
29,000 
28,000 
29,100 
4,500 Cords 
2,270 Tons 
1,100 Tons 
8,500 
10,000 
36,000 

440 Cords 



Unit Value. 



$18.00 
16.00 
6.50 
.65 
.40 
.20 
2.75 
2.50 
8.50 
3.00 
.15 
.15 
9.00 



per M 
per M 
per Cord 
each 
eaoh 
each 

per Cord 
per Ton 
per Ton 
each 
each 
each 

per Cord 



1,485,950 Cubic Feet 



Total Value. 



$84,330 
1,040 
' 5,850 
18,850 
11,200 
5,820 
12,375 
5,675 
9,350 
25,500 
1,500 
5,400 
3,960 



$190,850 



WOODED AEEA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER BY ELECTION DISTRICTS. 



Dist. No. 



1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 

10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 



Total 
Land 
Area. 



Acres. 



16,271 
13,915 
1,041 
27,177 
34,713 
16,906 
12,952 
13,860 
15,101 
1,408 
10,521 
11,545 
17,303 
6,763 
32,890 
18,039 
411 
10,769 
8,836 
18,222 
658 
4,428 
2,173 
4,719 
4,501 



The i^owatj 305,122 



Wooded 
Area. 



Acres. 



2,230 
881 
34 
6,525 
18,507 
2,848 
6,805 
5,305 
372 
339 
1,764 
629 
1,128 
4,159 
9,719 
6,020 
15 
290 
764 
1,912 
111 
92 
1,452 
189 
184 



72,274 



Per Cent 
Wooded. 



% 



14 
6 
3 
24 
53 
17 
53 
38 
2 
24 
17 
5 
7 
61 
30 
33 
36 
3 
3 
10 
17 
2 
67 
4 
4 



Stand of Saw Timber in Board Feet 
(Doyle Log Rule). All Trees 
More Than Nine Inches in 
Diameter. 



Hardwood 
M Bd. Ft. 



24 



4,547 
1,764 
195 
6,780 
18,535 
6,848 
9,798 
4,498 
2,154 
1,513 
3,000 
3,186 
3,716 
4,603 
11,219 
16,524 
40 
1,453 
1,306 
5,310 
538 
412 
3,730 
853 
540 



113,062 



Pine 
M Bd. Ft. 



73 



670 
1,030 



184 



121 



2,078 



Total 
M Bd. Ft. 



4,547 
1,837 
195 
7,450 
19,565 
6,848 
9,798 
4,498 
2,154 
1,513 
3,000 
3,186 
3,716 
4,603 
11,403 
16,524 
40 
1,453 
1,306 
5,310 
538 
412 
3,851 
853 
540 



115,140 



Stumpage Value. 



Hardwood 
$4.00 
per M. 



$18,188 
7,056 
780 
27,120 
74,140 
27,392 
39,192 
17,992 
8,616 
6,052 
12,000 
12,744 
14,864 
18,412 
44,876 
66,096 
160 
5,812 
5,224 
21,240 
2,152 
1,648 
14,920 
3,412 
2,160 



$452,248 



Pine 
$4.50 
per M. 



$328 



3,015 
4,635 



828 



545 



$9,351 



Total 
$ 



$18,188 
7,384 
780 
30,135 
78,775 
27,392 
39,192 
17,992 
8,616 
6,052 
12,000 
12,744 
14,864 
18,412 
45,704 
66,096 
160 
5,812 
5,224 
21,240 
2,152 
1,648 
15,465 
3,412 
2.160 



$461,599 



I 
I 



WICOMICO COUNTY. 



Wicomico County occupies a position on the Eastern Shore penin- 
sula just south of the Delaware State-line. It is of rectangular shape, 
bordered on the west by Dorchester County, on the south by Somerset 
and Worcester, and also on the east by Worcester. The Wicomico and 
Nanticoke Rivers, together with Quantico Creek, furnish the county 
with tide-water transportation for a considerable distance, for the 
surface is very flat, with an elevation which varies from sea-level in 
the west to about 80 feet near Parsonsburg, in the east-central part. 
Along the Nanticoke, and to a lesser extent the Wicomico, there are 
considerable areas of salt-water marsh. Fresh-water swamps also oc- 
cur in the eastern and western parts of the county, and it is in the 
southern portion that the principal hardwood stands are located. The 
central part is better drained, containing the bulk of the pure pine 
stands. The soil is generally sandy, and wherever the elevation is suf- 
ficient to give good, drainage the land has been largely cleared and 
cultivated. There is, on the other hand, some land, once cleared, that 
was allowed to grow up again in pine after its fertility had been ex- 
hausted. 

The Forests. 

In this county there is 46 per cent of woodland, and the county 
stands well as a timbered and timber-producing district. The large 
percentage of undrained soils which are only suited for the growing 
of timber accounts chiefly for the large forested area, making the for- 
est interests of this county of great importance, and on the whole, 
partly because of extensive abandonment of exhausted lands, this 
forested area is apparently increasing. Considered as a county, there 
seems little variety in the size and range of the forests. There are 
some very large hardwood stands in the west, but on the whole the 
wooded areas are pretty evenly distributed, irregular in outline, and 
generally following drainage contours in more or less connected bodies. 

There is practically five times as much pine in the county as hard- 
wood, with loblolly constituting 95 per cent, and the balance largely 
scrub pine, with a small amount of cypress in the eastern part. Scrub 
pine in small patches is found principally in the eastern and western 
parts of the county, although the stand of timber is nowhere very 
heavy. There are few hardwood stands that do not contain some seat- 

127 



128 



The Forests op Maeydand, 



tered pine. In sueli mixed stands the pine, being generally more val- 
uable, is usually cut to a small diameter limit, while the less desirable 
hardwoods — black gum, red maple, and scrubby oaks — are left in 
full possession of the land. This is particularly true in swampy places 
where the more valuable hardwoods do not thrive, and the pine only 
occurs on hummocks or where surface conditions will permit. The 
best pine grows in the central, and especially the south-central, part, 
while the heaviest hardv/ood stands occur in the extreme eastern and 
western parts. 

The Forest Survey made in 1908 shows that this county's wood- 
lands are 23 per cent hardwood, 38 per cent pine, and 39 per cent 
mixed hardwood and pine. There are only 112 acres of hardwoods ex- 
ceeding 5,000 board feet per acre, with 24,852 acres where the stand is 
less ; 7,018 acres of pine, 5,000 board feet and above per acre, and 35,- 
596 acres of less; and 1,270 acres in mixed stands which equal or ex- 
ceed 5,000 feet, and 42,760 acres which fall below. 

Uses of the Forests. 

Wicomico County has a heavy cut of timber, with more sawmill 
and timber operators, 64, than any other county in the State. Their 
cut for 1914 fell below that of only two others, Charles and Garrett, 
and amounted to 3,949,470 cubic feet of wood, worth $592,318. How- 
ever, it has the heaviest cut of pine in Maryland, that product being 
followed in order of value by piling, staves, cordwood, mine props, 
railroad ties, lath, poles, and shingles. It may be remarked here that 
this county has the second largest cut of staves in the State, while in 
piling it easily leads. The cut of cordwood is also heavy, and consists 
principally of pine, much of which finds its way via the Chesapeake 
route to Baltimore. 

Wicomico is no doubt the second most important county of Mary- 
land as regards the number and size of its wood-using industries. The 
heavy stands of timber occurring locally, 43 miles of railway lines, and 
the excellent facilities for water shipments, all contribute to this. 
There are yards or planing mills at Hebron, Pittsville, Salisbury, 
Sharptown, and Wango ; crate factories at Powellsville, Salisbury', 
Sharptown, AVango, and Willards ; a boat yard at Sharptown ; basket 
manufactories at Wango, Willards, and Powellsville; and plants turn- 
ing out boxes at Sharptown and Willards. In Salisbury alone there 
are six planing mills, five yards, six box factories, three plants for 
making crates, two basket factories, one wagon works, one plant mak- 
ing chairs, and one for building ships. Salisbury is practically the 



Wicomico County. 



129 



center of wood-working for the Eastern Shore, one of the chief cities 
of the State in this respect, and the forest industries of Wicomico 
County are of great value and importance. 

Constructive forest management will aid to their continuance as 
such, for nearly all are plants relying in large degree upon a local 
source of timber. 



130 



The Forests of Maryland. 



Wicomico County. 



SUMMAEY OF THE LUMBEE AND TIMBER CUT. 



Product. 


Amount. 


Unit Value. 


Total Value. 


Lumber : Haxdwood 


2,005,000 Board Feet 


$18.00 per M 


$36,090 




17,335,000 Board Feet 


16.00 per M 


277,260 


Railroad Ties 


25,000 


.50 each 


12,500 




1,450,000 Lineal Feet 


.10 per Foot 


145,000 




1,572 Cords 


3.50 per Cord 


5,502 




7,103 Cords 


2.50 per Cord 


17,758 




6,777 Tons 


2.25 per Ton 


15,248 




10,250,000 Pieces 


7.50 per M 


76,875 


Poles 


1,000 


2.75 each 


2,750 




20,000 


4.25 per M 


85 


Lath 


1,000,000 


3.25 per M 


3,250 


The County 


3,949,470 Cubic Feet 




$592,318 



WOODED AEEA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER BY ELECTION DISTRICTS. 



Dist. No. 


Total 
Land 
Area. 


Wooded 
Area. 


1 

Per Cent 
Wooded. 


Stana of Saw Timber in Board Feet 
(Doyle Log Rule). AU Trees 
More Than Nine Inches in 
Diameter. 


St 


umpage Value. 




Acres. 


Acres. 


% 


Hardwood 
M Bd. Ft. 


Pine 
M Bd. Ft. 


Total 
M Bd. Ft. 


Hardwood 
$4.00 
per M. 


Piae 
$5.00 
perM. 


Total 
$ 


1 


30,664 


12,311 


40 


3,414 


5,301 


78,715 


$13,656 


$26,505 


$40,161 


2 


28,316 


14,151 


50 


3,015 


6,701 


9,716 


12,060 


33,505 


45,565 


3 


17,156 


7,472 


44 


1,684 


11,505 


13,189 


6,736 


57,525 


64,261 


4 


36,592 


16,042 


44 


4,043 


10,148 


14,191 


16,172 


50,740 


66,912 


5 


27,955 


12,361 


44 


1,725 


9,790 


11,515 


6,900 


48,950 


55,850 


6 


14,809 


7,032 


47 


1,995 


5,120 


7,115 


7,980 


25,600 


33,580 


7 


18,433 


13,812 


75 


2,558 


7,161 


9,719 


10,232 


35,805 


46,037 


8 


21,117 


13,563 


64 


1,421 


28,283 


29,704 


5,684 


141,415 


147,099 


9 


15,600 


5,704 


37 


524 


4,729 


5,253 


2,096 


23,645 


25,741 


10 


6,122 


2,915 


48 


185 


3,936 


4,121 


740 


19,680 


20,420 


11 


9,011 


3,336 


37 


533 


2,985 


3,518 


2,132 


14,925 


17,057 


12 


12,660 


2,565 


20 


217 


4,978 


5,195 


868 


24,890 


25,758 


13 


2,840 


344 


12 


6 


518 


524 


24 


2,590 


2,614 


The County 


242,275 


111,608 


46 


21,320 


101,155 


122,475 


$85,280 


$505,775 


$591,055 



WORCESTER COUNTY. 

"Worcester, the southernmost county of the State, is also the only 
one to front on the Atlantic Ocean. It is of irre^lar shape, generally 
long and narrow, with the Chincoteague, Sinepuxent and Assawoman 
Bays in the east, Delaware on the north, "Wicomico County on the north- 
west, Somerset County on the west, and "V^'irginia on the south. With 
its low, flat surface, all of it less than 50 feet above sea-level, mild, 
even climate and sandy soil, it is very much the opposite, topographic- 
ally and generally, from Garrett County at the State's other extreme, 
where mountains, heavy forests of hardwood, and a rigorous climate 
prevail. Here the chief topographic features are the ocean front, out- 
lined by a sand bar which extends in an even line northeast and south- 
west, and behind this protecting bar a number of bays from which 
numerous, though short, tidal streams extend inland. The Pocomoke 
River, navigable for steamboats as far as the county seat. Snow Hill, 
forms the principal drainage system of the county, and at the same 
time is its chief means of water transportation. Local soils are for 
the most part sandy, with good sand loams in the more exhausted 
northern and central portions. 

The Forests. 

Worcester has the greatest percentage of forest of any county on 
the Eastern Shore, 47 per cent of its total area in land being wooded, 
in spite of the fact that in different parts of the county, the northeast- 
em section especially, large areas have been cleared of forest during 
the past 10 years. The principal species at present here, as in most 
of the Eastern Shore counties, is the loblolly pine. There are a few 
small areas of cypress along the Pocomoke and its tributaries, this 
county containing more cypress timber than any other in Maryland. 
The southwestern half of the county contains the greatest areas in 
pure pine stands, while in the northeastern section the pine is gen- 
erally in mixture with hardwoods. The stands of hardwood are for 
the most part small and scattered, usually occurring along the shores 
of streams. Principal among them are some of the oaks — white, 
swamp white, black, Spanish, and willow — red maple, red gum, and 
black gum. Hardwoods are of relatively minor importance, but the 
amount of standing pine timber is only exceeded in Dorchester Coun- 
ty, and the total stumpage in Dorchester and Garrett. 



1.31 



132 



The Forests op Maryland. 



From the Survey of 1914 it is apparent that only 22 per cent of • 
the county's woodlands are in mixed hardwood stands, 59 per cent be- 
ing in pine, and 19 per cent in mixtures of each. There are 15,869 
acres of hardwoods containing stands amounting to 5,000 or more 
board feet per acre, with 18,241 acres amounting to less; of the pine, 
there are 7,902 acres averaging over 5,000 feet, and 77,387 acres where 
the stands are less; while the mixed stands are all of less than 5,000. 
feet per acre, and comprise an area of 28,783 acres. 

Uses of the Forests. 

Worcester County has a total of 51 large mill and timber oper- 
ators, and a cut of timber which ranks high among the county's sources 
of employment and revenue. In 1914 it aggregated 3,525,700 cubic 
feet of wood, the value at shipping points being quoted at $467,191. 
Lumber was the most valuable product, with staves, in which this 
county leads, coming next, then piling, barrels, cordwood, mine props, 
poles, lath, shingles, railroad ties, and barrel headings. Railway lines 
totalling 57 miles, together with the exceptional water facilities, are 
an aid to the profitable conduct of the local timber business. The cut 
is important, and is reflected in the number of wood-using industries 
now in operation here. Berlin has two planing mills and yards, with 
a plant producing baskets and dishes ; Poeomoke City, three yards and 
planing mills, and plants for manufacturing crates, baskets, barrels, 
box shooks, and boats ; and Snow Hill, three yards, two planing mills, 
with planing mills at Girdletree and Stockton. Stockton and Girdle- 
tree also manufacture barrels; Whaleysville, crates and baskets; 
Showell, boxes and baskets. 

Worcester County's forests do not suffer much from fires, the low 
elevation, to a certain degree, preventing this; they are adequate in 
area for the county 's present needs ; and they are at present supply- 
ing most of the forest industries in operation here. It would seem 
that only more efficient management is needed to make the forests 
increasingly productive, the forest industries a continued source of 
benefit and value to this section. 



Worcester County. 



133 



Worcester Coukty. 
SUMMARY OF THE LUMBER AND TIMBER CUT. 



Product. 


Amount. 


Unit Value. 


Total Value. 




3!,835,000 


Board 


Feet 


$18.00 per M 




$69,030 




13,035,000 


Board 


Feet 


16.00 per M 




208,560 




4,500 






.50 each 




2,250 


Piling 


410,000 


Lineal 


Feet 


.10 per Foot 




41,000 




1,100 


Cords 




3.50 per Cord 




3,850 


Pine 


3,000 


Cords 




2.50 per Cord 




7,500 




4,460 


Tons 




2.25 per Ton 




10,035 


Staves and Headings 


14,820,000 


Pieces 




7.33+ per M 




108,720 


Poles 


3,000 






3.00 each 




9,000 




795,000 






4.25 per M 




3,379 


Lath 


1,190,000 






3.25 per M 




3,867 


The County 


3,525,700 


Cubic 


Feet 




$467,191 



I 



WOODED AREA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER BY ELECTION DISTRICTS. 



Dist. No. 


Total 
Land 
Area. 


Wooded 
Area. 


Per Cent 
Wooded. 


Stand of S< 
(Doyle 
More 
Diamet 


iw Timber in 
Log Rule). 
Than Nine 
2r. 


Board Feet 
All Trees 
Inches in 


Stumpage Value. 




Acres. 


Acres. 


% 


Hardwood 
M Bd. Ft. 


Pine 
M Bd. Ft. 


Total 
M Bd. Ft. 


Hardwood 
$4.00 
per M. 


Pine 
$5.00 
per M. 


Total 

$ 


1 


26,764 


13,283 


50 


2,538 


22,586 


25,124 


$10,152 


$112,930 


$123,082 


2 


48,857 


19,560 


40 


7,582 


30,242 


37,824 


30,328 


151,210 


181,538 


3 


41,845 


14,578 


35 


8,153 


22,478 


30,631 


32,612 


112,390 


145,002 


4 


27,747 


14,795 


53 


5,540 


19,559 


25,099 


22,160 


97,795 


119,955 


5 


24,204 


7,467 


31 


3,733 


10,409 


14,142 


14,932 


52,045 


66,977 


6 


24,092 


15,899 


66 


6,726 


20,119 


26,845 


26,904 


100,595 


127,499 


7 


45,631 


31,274 


69 


14,212 


49,739 


63,951 


56,848 


248,695 


305,543 


8 


36,584 


16,891 


46 


3,212 


31,255 


34,467 


12,848 


156,275 


169,123 


9 


37,231 


14,435 


39 


19,127 


15,220 


34,347 


76,508 


76,100 


152,608 


The County 


312,955 


148,182 


47 


70,823 


221,607 


292,430 


$283,292 


$1,108,035 


$1,391,327 



134 



Timber in Maryland, By Counties. 



WOODED AREA, STAND AND VALUE OF SAW TIMBER IN MARYLAND, BY COUNTIES. 











Stand of Sa 


w Timber in 


Board Feet 










Total 


Wooded 


Per Cent 


(Dovle 


Log Rule). 


All Trees 


Stumpage Value. 




Land 


Area. 


Wooded. 


More Than Nine 


Inches in 








uii by . 








Diameter. 


















Hardwood 


Pine 


Total 


Hardwood 
$5.00 


Pine 
$5.00 


Total 
$ 




Acres. 


Acres. 




M Bd. Et. 


M Bd. Ft. 


M Bd. Ft. 


per M. 


per M. 


Allegany . . . 






62 


105,369 


42,073 


147,442 


$369,107 


$208,292 


$577,399 


A. Arundel . 


274,-500 


92,266 


34 


122,314 


6,203 


128,517 


.530,413 


31,015 


581,428 


Baltimore . . 


403,181 


103,515 


24 


201,352 


7,991 


209,343 


1,006,760 


39,955 


1,046,715 


Calvert .... 


139,.332 


62,390 


45 


70,886 


7,752 


78,638 


283,-546 


31,006 


314,-552 


Caroline . . . 


208,350 


62,834 


30 


31,277 


61,862 


93,139 


12-5,108 


309,350 


434,458 


Carroll .... 


296,029 


39,29^ 


13 


85,377 


.179 


85,556 


426,885 


895 


427,780 




223,197 


53,543 


24 


89,332 




89,332 


357,328 




3-57,328 


Cecil 

Charles .... 


290,546 


171, -547 


59 


163,989 


88,281 


252,270 


655,956 


353,124 


1,009,080 


Dorchester . 


368,669 


138,291 


37 


81,024 


315,305 


396,329 


324,096 


1,576,525 


1,900,621 


Erederiek . . 


433,130 


91,117 


21 


126,690 


261 


126,951 


570,105 


1,175 


571,280 


Garrett .... 


436,621 


274,483 


63 


432,115 


15,651 


447,766 


1,728,460 


78,255 


1,806,715 


Harford . . . 


283,009 


81,872 


29 


147,204 


148 


147,352 


736,020 


740 


736,760 


Howard . . . 


159,442 


38,644 


25 


99,218 


110 


99,328 


496,090 


550 


496,640 


Kent 


179,872 


33,776 


19 


49,860 


159 


50,019 


249,300 


795 


2-50,095 


Montgomery 


302,881 


68,821 


22 


130,340 


7,-513 


137,853 


651,700 


37,565 


689,265 


Pr. George 's 


306,872 


127,200 


41 


107,844 


68,783 


176,627 


431,376 


27-5,132 


706,508 


Q. Anne's . 


231,770 


59,270 


26 


65,5.59 


14,541 


80,100 


295,015 


72,705 


567,720 


St. Mary's . 


233,963 


119,080 


51 


80,564 


84,266 


164,830 


322,256 


342,464 


664,720 


Somerset . . 


273,180 


68,387 


25 


19,358 


154,741 


174,099 


77,432 


706,305 


783,737 


Talbot 


158,780 


45,822 


29 


85,870 


127,370 


214,240 


343,480 


636.8.50 


980,330 


Washington 


305,122 


72,274 


24 


113,062 


2,078 


115,140 


452,248 


9,351 


461,599 


Wicomico . . 


242 275 


111,608 


46 


21,320 


101,1-55 


122,475 


85,280 


505,775 


-591,0-55 


Worcester . . 


312,955 


148,182 


47 


70,823 


221,607 


292,430 


283,292 


1,108,035 


. 1,391,327 


The State 


6,330,039 


2.228,046 


33 


2,500,747 


1,328,029 


3,829,776 


$10,821,253 


$6,325,859 


$17,142,112 



The Forests of Maryland. 



135 



SUMMAEY OF THE 1914 LUMBEE AND TIMBER PEODUOTION OF 
MAEYLAND, BY COUNTIES. 



County. 



Mills and 
Operators. 



Cut in Cubic Feet. 



Allegany 

Anne Arundel . 

Baltimore 

Calvert 

Caroline 

Carroll , 

Cecil 

Charles 

Dorchester . . . . 

Frederick 

Garrett 

Harford 

Howard , 

Kent 

Montgomery . . . 
Prince George 's 
Queen Anne's . 
St. Mary 's .... 

Somerset 

Talbot 

Washington . . . 

Wicomico 

Worcester 

The State. . 



45 
22 
30 
20 
61 
25 
24 
30 
37 
51 
62 
27 
12 
10 
28 
32 
26 
33 
46 
38 
26 
64 
51 



3,141,400 
1,099,610 
2,119,584 
1,448,475 
1,546,000 
991,960 
716,780 
5,838,080 
2,231,160 
809,965 
7,750,245 
774,555 
599,455 
382,870 
1,215,545 
1,388,000 
690,205 
1,226,755 
2,742,423 
1,274,994 
1,485,950 
3,949,470 
3,525,700 



800 



46,949,181 



SUMMAEY OF THE 1914 LUMBER AND TI]\IBER PRODUCTION OF MARY- 
LAND, WITH BY-PRODUCTS, IN ORDER OF RELATIVE IMPORTANCE. 



Product. 



Hardwood Lumber. . 

Pine Lumber 

Pulpwood 

Railroad Ties 

Piling 

Cordwood 

Mine Props 

Tan Bark 

Staves and Headings 

Poles 

Shingles 

Lath 

Mine Ties 

Po8ts 

Export Logs 

Charcoal 

Pinwood 

The State 



Amount. 



129,105,500 
99,922,000 
74,002 
925,392 
3,563,800 
85,355 
109,217 
34,360 
30,389,019 
62,135 
13,842,000 
14,837,000 
260;000 
133,645 
529,000 
95,000 
440 



Board Feet 
Board Feet 
Cords 

Lineal Feet 

Cords 

Tons 

Tons 

Pieces 



Board Feet 

Bushels 

Cords 



46,949,181 Cubic Feet 



J 



Y 



FOREST LAWS OF MARYLAND. 



General Forestry. 

Acts of 1906, chapter 294, "An Act to establish a State Board of For- 
estry and to promote forest interests and arboriculture in the 
State," as. amended in chapter 161, Acts 1910, and chapter 823, 
Acts of 1914. 

Section 1. — Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland, 
That there shall be a State Board of Forestry, consisting of seven 
members, the Governor, Comptroller, President of Johns Hopkins Uni- 
versity, President of Maryland State Agricultural College, State Geo- 
logist, one citizen of the State known to be interested in the advance- 
ment of forestry, and one practical lumberman engaged in the manu- 
facture of lumber within this State ; who shall be appointed by the 
Governor, to serve for a term of two years, which Board shall act 
Avithout compensation, save for actual necessary expenses incurred in 
the performance of their official duties. 

Sec. 2. — That there shall be appointed by the State Board of For- 
estry a State Forester, who shall be a technically trained forester of 
not less than two years' experience in professional forestry work, his 
compensation shall be fixed by the Board and he shall be allowed 
reasonable traveling and field expenses incurred in the perform- 
ance of his official duties. He shall, under the general supervision of 
the State Board of Forestry, have direction of all forest interests and 
all matters pertaining to forestry- and the forest reserves within the 
jurisdiction of the State. He shall appoint, subject to the approval and 
confirmation of the State Board of Forestry, such assistants and em- 
ployes as may be necessary in executing the duties of his office and the 
purpose of the Board of Forestry ; the compensation of such assistants 
and employes to be fixed by the State Board of Forestry. He shall have 
charge of all Forest Wardens in the State and aid and direct them 
in their work ; take such action as is authorized by law to prevent and 
extinguish forest fires, enforce all laws pertaining to forest and wood- 
land, and prosecute for any violation of such laws; collect data rela- 
tive to forest destruction and conditions ; direct the protection and im- 
provement of State parks and forest reserves and co-operate with land 
owners as described in Section 4 of this Act. He shall annually de- 

137 



138 



The Forests of Maryland. 



liver a course of lectures at the Maryland State Agricultural College ' 
bearing upon forestry and silviculture, subject to the approval of the 
Trustees of the College and of the State Board of Forestry, and as 
far as his duties as State Forester will permit, carry on an educational 
course of lectures on Forestrj?- at the Farmers' Institutes and similiar 
meetings within the State. He shall act as Secretary of the State 
Board of Forestry and shall pi-epare for the Board annually a report 
on the progress and condition of State Forest work and recommend 
therein plans for improving the State system of forest protection, 
management and replacement. 

Sec. 3. — That the State Board of Forestry shall have the power to 
purchase lands in the name of the State, suitable for forest culture 
and reserves, using for such purposes any special appropriation or 
any surplus money not otherwise appropriated, which may be stand- 
ing to the credit of the Forest Reserve Fund ; and to make all rules 
and regulations governing State Reserves, and to employ such labor 
and do such work as they deem wise in developing and protecting 
State Reserves under their jurisdiction ; and that the Governor of the 
State is authorized upon the recommendation of said State Board of 
Forestry to accept gifts of land to the State, the same to be held, pro- 
tected and administered by the State Board of Forestry as State For- 
est Reserves, and to be used so as to demonstrate the practical utility 
of timber culture, water conservation and as a breeding place for game. 
Such gifts must be absolute except for the reservation of all mineral 
and mining rights over and under said lands, and a stipulation that 
they shall be administered as State Forest Reserves, and the Attorney- 
General of the State is directed to see that all deeds to the State of 
land mentioned above are properly executed before the gift is ac- 
cepted. 

Sec. 4. — That the State Forester shall, upon reqiiest, imder the 
sanction of the State Board of Forestry, and whenever he deems it 
essential to the best interests of the people of the State, co-operate 
with counties, to-mis, corporations, and individuals, in preparing 
plans for the protection, management, and replacement of trees, wood- 
lots, and timber tracts under an ag-reement that the parties obtaining 
such assistance pay at least the field expenses of the men employed in 
preparing said plans. 

Sec. 5. — That whenever the State Forester considers it necessary 
he may applj' to the Governor to commission such persons as he may 
designate to act as Forest Wardens of this State to enforce the forest 
laws and to carry out all the purposes of this Act and any work that 
may be assigned to them by the State Forester. If the Governor ap- 
proves sucli persons he may appoint them Forest Wardens for a term 



General Forestry. 



139 



of two years, but they shall be subject to removal at any time at the 
pleasure of tlie Governor. Such Wardens shall receive such compen- 
sation for their services as shall be fixed by the State Board of For- 
estry. Forest Wardens thus appointed shall, before entering upon 
the duties of their offices, take the proper official oath before the Clerk 
of the Court of the County in which they reside, after which they shall 
while holding said office, possess and exercise all the authority and power 
held and exercised by constables at common law under the statutes of 
this State, so far as arresting and prosecuting persons for all viola- 
tions of any of the forest laws or the laws, rules and regulations en- 
acted or to be enacted for the protection of the State forestry reser- 
vations, or for the protection of the fish and game contained thei-ein 
are concerned. 

Sec. 6. — That it shall be the duty of the Forest Wardens to enforce 
all forest laws of this State, to protect the State Forest Reserves and see 
that all rules, regulations and laws are enforced; to report any viola- 
tion of law to the State Forester at the time of its occurrence, to assist 
in apprehending and convicting offenders, and to make an annual 
report to him as to forest conditions in their immediate neighbor- 
hood. When any Forest W^arden shall see or have reported to him 
a forest fire, it shall be his duty to immediately repair to the seat of 
the fire and employ such i^ersons and means as in his judgment seem 
expedient and necessary to extinguish said fire. He shall keep an 
itemized account of all expenses thus incurred and send such account 
immediately to the State Forester. He shall have control and direction 
of all persons and apparatus engaged in extinguishing forest fires. 
He may siimmon male inhabitants of the county between the ages of 
18 and 50 years to assist in extinguishing fires, and may also require 
the use of horses and other property needed for such purpose. Any 
person so summoned who is physically able, who refuses or neglects to 
assist, or to allow the use of horses, wagon or other material required, 
shall be liable to a penalty of ten dollars. No action for trespass shall 
lie against a Forest Warden, or anyone working under his direction, 
for entering lands of individuals or corporations for the purpose of 
extinguishing a fire, plowing furrows, or tearing down fences, or start- 
ing a backfire to check a fire that may be approaching. 

Sec. 7. — That the expenses incurred in fighting or extinguishing 
any fire under the direction of the State Forester, or a Forest Ward- 
en, shall be borne half by the county in which the fire occurred and 
half by the State, and shall first be payable in full by the County Com- 
missioners of such county upon the receipt of an itemized account, with 
vouchers approved by the State Forester ; the half to be paid by the 
State shall be refunded by the order of the State Board of Forestry 



140 



The Forests op IVIabyland. 



out of any moneys standing to the credit of the Forest Reserve Fund, 
upon presentation of the accounts, together with evidence that the 
•County Commissioners have paid the sum in full. Nothing in this 
Act shall be so construed as to relieve the owner or lessee of lands 
upon which fires may burn, or be started, from the duty of extin- 
guishing such fires so far as may lie within his power. No such owner 
or lessee, nor person in the employ of such owner or lessee, shall re- 
ceive any compensation from the State, or from the county, for fight- 
ing fires upon the lands of such owner or lessee. 

Sec. 8. — That the Boards of County Commissioners of the several 
counties of this State are hereby authorized to levy and appropriate 
money for purposes of tree planting and care of trees, and for forest 
protection, improvement, management and purchase. 

Sec. 9. — That the State Forester shall furnish notices, printed in 
large letters upon cloth, calling attention to the dangers of forest fires, 
and to forest fire and trespass laws and their penalties; such notices 
shall be distributed by the State Forester to Forest Wardens and 
posted by them in conspicuous places upon the State forest reserves 
and along the highways in forest-covered country. It shall be unlaw- 
ful for any person to tear down or deface any forest fire warning 
notice. Any violation of the law shall be punishable by a fine of ten 
dollars for each and every offense. It shall be the duty of any person 
who discovers a forest or brush fire not under the control or supervi- 
sion of some person to extinguish it or to report it immediately to the 
local Forest Warden, and failure to do so shall be punishable by a fine 
not to exceed ten dollars, to be recovered upon complaint of the Forest 
Warden. 

Sec. 10. — That every individual or corporation that carelessly, 
negligently, wilfully, maliciously, or with intent sets on fire, or causes 
or procures to be set on fire any woods, brush, grass, grain or stubble 
on lands not their own, shall be guilty of misdemeanor, and upon con- 
\iction be punishable by a fine of not less than $25 or more than $1,- 
000 or imprisonment for not less than thirty days or more than one 
3'ear, or both such fine and imprisonment. 

Sec. 11. — That it shall be unlawful for any person or corporation 
as land o'wner to set, or procure another to set fire to any woods, brush, 
logs, leaves, grass or clearing upon their own land, unless they shall 
have previously taken all possible care and precaution against the 
spread of such fire to otlier lands not their own, hy previously having 
cut and piled the same, or carefully cleared around the land which is 
to be burned, so as to prevent the spread of such fire. The setting of 
fire contraiy to the provisions of this Section, or allowing it to escape 
to the injury of adjoining lands shall be prima facie proof of wilful- 



General Forestry. 



141 



ness, or neglect, and the land OM^ner from whose laud the fire origi- 
nated shall be liable in a civil action for damages for the injury result- 
ing from such fire, and also for the cost of fighting and extinguishing 
the same. 

Sec. 12. — That logging and railroad locomotives, donkey and 
threshing engines and other engines and boilers operated in, through 
or near forest or brush, which do not burn oil as fuel, shall be pro- 
vided with appliances to prevent the escape of fire and sparks from 
the smoke-stacks thereof, arid with devices to prevent tlie escape of fire 
from ash pans and fire-boxes. Failure to comply with these require- 
ments shall be a misdeamor, punishable upon conviction by a fine of 
not less than $10 nor more than $100 for each and eveiy offense thus 
committed. 

Sec. 13. — That all individuals or corporations causing fires by vio- 
lations of Sections 10, 11 and 12 of this Act shall be liable to the State, 
and to the county in which the fire occurred, in an action for debt to 
the full amount of all expenses incurred by the State or county in 
fighting and extinguishing such fire. 

Sec. 14. — That Justices of the Peace for this State in the county 
wherein the offense shall have been committed shall have jurisdiction 
to hear and determine all prosecxitions for the purpose of. enforcing 
tines and penalties collectible under the provisions of this Act, not ex- 
ceeding the amount of $100, and of holding the offenders under prop- 
er bail if necessarjr, for hearing before the Circuit Court, commiting 
them to the county jail iTntil such hearing, if the required bail is not 
furnished. It shall be the duty of the State 's Attorney of the several 
counties to prosecute all violators of Section 10 of this Act. 

Sec. 15. — That all money received as penalties for violations of the 
provisions of this Act, less the cost of collection, and not otherwise 
provided for, together with any amount obtained from the State For- 
est Reserves, shall be paid into the State Treasury to the credit of the 
Forest Reserve Fund, which fund is hereby created, and the moneys 
in said fund are hereby appropriated for purposes of forest protec- 
tion, management, replacement and extension, under the direction of 
the State Board of Forestry. 

Sec. 16. — That the State Board of Forestry shall have the right 
and power to condemn lands, earth, gravel, stone, timber or materials, 
or any improvements in the name of the State, under Article 33-A, 
title "Eminent Domain" of the Code of Public General Laws of 
Maryland as passed in Chapter 117 of the Acts of 1912 when such 
action is necessaiy for cariying out the purposes of any Legislative 
Act, or for advancing the aims of forestry, and the work of the State 
Board of Forestry, and they may pay all costs and expenses thus in- 



142 



The Forests of Maryland. 



curred out of any surplus moneys standing to the 'credit of the Forest 
Eeserve Fund, not otherwise appropriated ; nothing herein contained 
shall apply to the City of Baltimore. 

Sec. 17. — That all acts or parts of acts inconsistent with the pro- 
visions of this Act are hereby repealed. 

Roadside Tree Law. 

Acts of 1914, Chapter 824, "An Act conferring power upon the State 
Board of Fprestrj^ to plant trees along tlie roadsides, to protect 
roadside trees, to establish one or more nurseries for their pro- 
pagation, to prohibit the unauthorized placing of advertise- 
ments and other notices on the public highways or the property 
of other persons, and to provide a penalty for the violation 
thereof," as amended in Chapter 548, Acts of 1916. 

Section 1. — The State Board of Forestry shall, in addition to the 
powers heretofore granted it, have the power to plant trees along the 
roadsides, to make all rules and regulations governing their planting, 
to care for and protect all roadside trees of this State, and to establish 
one or more State Forest Nurseries for the propagation of trees for 
such roadside planting. 

Sec. 2. — Roadside trees as designated in this Act shall mean all 
trees planted by the Forest Wardens, or existing trees three inches or 
more in diameter, measured two feet from the ground, that may be 
growing' within the right-of-way of any public road or between tlie 
curb lines and property lines of any street in an incorporated towii in 
this State. 

Sec. 3. — When the County Commissioners or the Road Supervisors 
of any county of this State, the State Roads Commission, the Town 
Council of any city or incorporated town, or any organization or per- 
son, shall apply to the State Forester for the planting of trees or for 
the care and protection of existing trees along a public road or street, 
and the State Forester deems an examination necessary, he shall in- 
struct the local Forest Warden to examine the situation where plant- 
ing, care or protection of trees is desired and to report the conditions 
with his recommendations to the State Forester. If, in the judgment 
of the State Forester, the planting of trees or the care or protection of 
existing trees is advisable, he shall submit a plan covering the required 
operations witli his recommendations and an estimate of the cost of 
the work to the organization or persons from which the application 
originated. 



Roadside Tree Law. 



143 



Sec. 4. — No plan of planting- or care of roadside trees shall become 
operative under this Section until such plan has been approved by the 
organization or person making the application and not until the said 
oi'ganization or person shall guarantee to the State Forester the cost 
of the work, in which the said organization or person may stipulate a 
maxinutm amount that it or he will guarantee. Upon proper assiir- 
ance that such a guarantee has been given, and the planting of trees is 
desired, the State Forester shall furnish to the local Forest Warden 
the trees for planting from any available stock in a State Forest Nur- 
sery or elsewhere. If the planting of trees is not required, but it is 
desired to trim, spray or otherwise care for existing trees along the 
portion of the roadside or street for which a plan has been approved 
by the State Forester and accepted by such organization or person, 
the Forest Warden shall proceed with the work in accordance with 
such plans, at such time and in such manner as in his judgment will 
be most practicable, but in executing such plans he shall work under 
the direction of the State Forester. When there exists an officer in 
any city or incorporated town who has been appointed for the specific 
purpose of planting and caring for trees along the roads or streets, he 
shall be eligible for appointment as Forest AVardeu in carrying out 
the provisions of this Act. 

Sec. 5. — Tlie State Forester may, in his discretion, without being 
requested as provided in Section 3 hereof, or guaranteed as provided 
in Section 4 hereof, plant, care for and protect roadside trees and pay 
for such work out of any unexpended balance of the amount hereby 
appropriated or hereafter appropriated for the purpose of this Act; 
provided, however, that no trees shall be planted under the provisions 
of the foregoing sections without the consent and approval of the 
owner of the land on which they are planted. 

Sec. 6. — It shall be the duty of the Forest Wardens and others 
having police powers in this State, in addition to the duties heretofore 
imposed, to enforce all laws now enacted or that may be enacted for the 
care and protection of roadside trees, and, while holding said office, 
they shall possess and exercise the power to arrest, without warrant 
anyone detected by them in the act of violating any law for the pro- 
tection of roadside trees, and take such persons before a peace officer 
having jurisdiction. 

Sec. 7. — For his services in making examinations as provided in 
Section 3 of this Act, the Forest Warden shall be paid by the State 
Board of Forestry upon presentation of his accounts with vouchers, 
approved by the State Forester, and for services in planting roadside 
trees, trimming, spraying, or otherwise caring for existing roadside 
trees as provided in Section 4 of this Act, the Forest Warden and the 



144 



The Forests of Maryland. 



helpers lie may be authorized to employ shall be paid by the organiza- 
tion or person guaranteeing the cost of the work upon presentation of 
the Forest Warden's accounts with vouchers, approved by the State 
Forester and for his services in examining conditions when permits 
are applied for under Section 8 of this Act issuing permits, and super- 
vising the work authorized by such permits, he shall be paid by the 
person or corporation applying for this permit. The rates to be paid 
under this Section shall be determined by the State Board of For- 
estry. 

Sec. 8. — Any person or persons who may desire to cut down or 
trim any roadside tree shall make application to the State Board of 
Forestry for a permit, except in the two following eases: (1) That 
Avhere trees are uprooted or branches of trees broken in such manner 
that they shall come in contact with telephone, . telegraph, electric light 
or other wires carrying electric current, or where such trees or 
branches shall endanger persons or property, such trees or branches of 
trees as the ease may be, may be removed in such an emergency with- 
out first obtaining a permit from the State Board of Forestry, and (2) 
that trees standing within the right-of-way of unimproved public roads 
which have not been surfaced with either stone, shell, gravel, concrete, 
brick, asphalt or other improved surface may be cut down and re- 
moved by the abutting land owner for his own use without first ob- 
taining a permit. 

Any person or persons who shall cut down, trim, mutilate or in 
any manner injure any roadside tree, except as provided for in this 
section, without a permit from the State Board of Forestry or its duly 
authorized representative, shall be gTiilty of a misdemeanor, and upon 
conviction shall be punishable by a fine of not less than five dollars or 
more than fifty dollars for each offense, which fine shall be payable to 
the State Board of Forestry for the purposes described in this Act. 

Sec. 9. — Any person who in any manner paints, puts or affixes any 
advertisement, sign, notice or other written or printed matter, other 
than notices posted in pursuance of law, on or to any stone, tree, 
fence, stump, pole, building or other structure which is in or upon a 
public highway, or which is on the property of another, without first 
obtaining the written consent of such owner thereof, shall be guilty 
of a misdemeanor and upon conviction shall be punishable by a fine 
of not more than ten dollars, which fine shall be payable to the State 
Board of Forestry for the purposes described in this Act. 

Sec. 10. — Any tree grown in the State Nurseries not required for 
roadside planting may be used for planting on the State Forest Re- 
serve or may be furnished to any land owner of this State at not less 



Patapsco Keserve. 



145 



than the cost of production ; provided such trees shall be planted ac- 
cording to plans approved by the State Forester. 

Sec. 11. — That all Acts or parts of Acts inconsistent with the pro- 
visions of this Act are hereby repealed. 

Patapsco Eeserve. 

Acts of 1912, Chapter 749, as amended in Chapter 209, Acts of 1914, 
. "An Act to empower the State Board of Forestry to purchase lands 
on the watershed of the Patapsco River for a State Forest Reserve. ' ' 

Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland, 
That the State Board of Forestry in addition to the powers heretofore 
granted it is empowered to purchase lands on the watershed of the 
Patapsco River for a State Forest Reserve at such prices as they may 
determine it to be worth, within the appropriation hereunder made, 
the same to be paid for out of the funds appropriated by this Act, to 
be held by the State as a State Forest Reserve, under the protection 
and administration of the State Board of Forestry, which shall exer- 
cise the same power in the matter of making rules and regulations in 
the management thereof as other State Forest Reserves are now subject 
to or may hereafter be subjected to. The territory which may be ac- 
quired hereunder shall be subject to all the general laws heretofore 
passed by the Legislature of the State not inconsistent herewith, but 
acts inconsistent with the provisions of this Act are hereby repealed. 

Sec. 2. And be it enacted. That this Act shall take effect from the 
date of its passage. 

(The sum of $50,000 was appropriated for the purposes described 
in Section 1.) 



INDEX 



Adamstown— 81. 
Africa— 32. 
Aireys — 77. 

Alabama — 32. ■ - 

Alberton — 38. 

Allegany County— 9, 21, 24, 27, 28, 33, 41, 

42-46, 71, 123, 134, 135. 
Allegany County, lumber and timber 

cut— 46. 
Annapolis — 48. 

Annapolis Short Line Railroad — 35. 

Anne Arundel County— 9, 21, 24, 25, 30. 41, 
47-50, 134, 135. 

Anne Arundel County, lumber and tim- 
ber cut — 50. 

Annemessex River — 115. 

Area of Maryland — 11, 34. 

Arkansas — 32. 

Arlington — 52. 

Ash, white— 44, 51, 56, 123, 124. 
Assawoman Bay — 131. 
Atlantic Ocean — 131. 
Australia — 32. 
Automobiles — 31. 
AvaJon — 38. 

Back River — 51. 

Baltimore, Chesapeake & Atlantic Rail- 
way — 35. 

Baltimore (City)— 28, 29, 32, 33, 35, 37-30, 

48, 51, 52, 92, 128. 
Baltimore County— 9, 21, 24, 32, 33, 35, 

37-39, 41, 51-54, 124, 134, 135. 
Baltimore County, lumber and timber 

cut — 54. 

Baltimore & Ohio Railroad — 35, 38, 87. 

Bark, tan— 27, 135. 

Baskets — 31. 

Basswood- — 44, 84. 

Beech— 44, 48, 71, 84. 

Bel Air — 89. 

Benedict — 72. 

Berlin — 132. 

Berwyn— 104, 105. 



Birch, black — 44. 
Birch, river — 71, 104. 
Birch, yellow — 10. 
Bittinger — 29. 

Blue Ridge, the— 11, 79, 123, 125. 

Board of Forestry— 9, 31, 34, 36, 38-40. 

Boonsboro — 124. 

Boxes, cigar — 31. 

Boxes, packing — 31. 

Boxwood, Turkish — 31. 

Brazil— 32. 

Brooklyn, Md. — 48. 

Brunswick — 81. 

Buckeystown — 29, 80. 

Buck Lodge — 99. 

Burkittsville — 81. 

Bush River — 30. 

Buyer, the timber — 9. 

California — 32. 

Calvert County— 21, 24, 25, 41, 55-58, 71, 
134, 135. 

Calvert County, lumber and timber cut — 58. 
Cambridge— 35, 76, 77. 
Canada — 32. 
Canes — 31. 

Capitol Heights— 104. 
Cardiff— 89. 

Caroline County— 21, 24, 41, 59-61, 134, 135. 
Caroline County, lumber and timber cut — nl. 
Carriages — 31. 

Carroll County— 21, 24, 41, 63-65, 134, 135. 
Carroll County, lumber and timber cut — 65. 
Catoctin Furnace — 30, 80. 
Catonsville— 29. 
Cavetown — 124. 

Cecil County— 21, 24, 30, 41, 67-69, 134, 135. 
Cecil County, lumber and timber cut — 69. 
Cedar, red— 28. 
Cedar, white— 10, 28. 
Centreville — 108. 

Central Maryland— 10, 11, 15, 21, 25, 27, 

28, 35, 107. 
Ceylon— 32. 



148 



INDEX. 



Charcoal— 29, 30, 35, 135. 

Charles County— 21, 24, 25, 30, 41, 71-73, 

128, 134, 135. 
Charles County, lumber and timber cut — 73. 
Chesapeake Bay— 11, 26, 34, 47, 55, 67, 68, 

75, 87, 95, 103, 107, 111, 115, 119, 120, 

128. 

Chesapeake Beach Eailway — 35. 
Chesapeake City — 68. 
Chesapeake & Delaware Canal — 34. 
Chesapeake & Ohio Canal — 35. 
Chester— 108. 
Chester Eiver — 107. 
Chestertown — 96. 

Chestnut— 19, 26-28, 31, 44, 48, 51, 56, 63, 
68, 71, 80, 84, 88, 89, 91, 96, 99, 107, 
112, 123, 124. 

Chestnut Blight— 19, 20, 28, 51, 63, 88, 99. 

Chestnut Borer, two-lined — 18, 19. 

China— 19. 

Chineoteague Bay — 34, 131. 
Choptank Eiver— 59, 60, 75, 119. 
Church Hill— 108. 
Clarksburg— 99. 
Clear Spring— 124. 

Coastal Plain— 10, 47, 51, 67, 68, 71, 87, 88, 

91, 99, 103, 115. 
College Park— 36. 
Colora — 68. 
Connecticut — 32. 
Conowingo-^68. 

Co-operative Areas, on State Eeserves — SS. 

Cooperage materials — 27, 28, 31. 

Cordwood — 26, 35, 135. 

Crates — 31. 

Crellin— 85. 

Crisfield— 117. 

Crownsville — 29. 

Cucumber — 84. 

Culled stands^2. 

Cumberland — 35, 42, 44. 

Cumberland & Pennsylvania Kailroad — 35. 

Cumberland Valley Eailroad — 35. 

Curtis Bay — 49. 

Cut, average annual — 33. 

Cypress— 10, 28, 127, 131. 

Delaware— 32, 67, 107, 127, 131. 
Denton— 59, 60. 
Diseases, tree — 14, 18-20. 
Dogwood — 31. 

Dorchester County— 21, 24, 28, 41, 75-78, 
117, 127, 131, 134, 135. 



Dorchester County, lumber and timber 

cut— 78. 
Dublin— 87. 
Dulaney Valley — 51. 

East Brooklyn — 49. 

Eastern Shore Maryland— 11, 15, 21, 25, 26, 
34, 35, 59, 75, 95, 107, 115, 119, 127, 
129, 131. 

East New Market— 76, 77. 

Easton— 35, 120. 

Elk Neck- 67. 

Elkridge— 29, 92. 

Elkton — 68. 

Ellerslie^4. 

Ellicott City— 92. 

Elm, white— 56, 123, 124. 

Emmitsburg — 81. 

Enimitsburg Eailroad — 35. 

Employes, wood-using industries — 31. 

Europe — 29. 

Evergreen — 52. 

Export logs— 28, 29, 135. 

Fallston— 89. 

Federalsburg — 60. 

Eires, forest— 12, 14-17. 

First Settlers— 11, 12. 

Florida— 32. 

Forest destruction — 12. 

Forest Laws of Maryland — 137-145. 

Forest Lookouts — 16, 38. 

Forest Nursery— 36, 37. 

Forest Patrolmen — 16, 85. 

Forest Planting— 36-38, 85. 

Forest Eeserves — 37-39. 

Forests of Maryland, original — 12. 

Forest Survey, State — 9, 42. 

Forest Wardens— 15, 16, 37, 52, 85. 

Forestry, General Laws on— 137-142. 

France— 32. 

Fi-ederiek (City)— 29, 35, 39, 40, 81. 
Frederick County— 9, 21, 24, 28, 41, 79-82, 

123, 134, 135. 
Frederick County, lumber and timber 

cut— 82. 
Friendsville — 85. 
Frostburg — 44. 
Fungous diseases — 19, 20. 
Furniture — 31. 

Gaithersburg — 100. 



INDEX. 



140 



Garrett County— 9, 17, 21, 24, 27-29, 33, 37, 
38, 41, 44, 71, 83-86, 117, 128, 131, 134, 
135. 

Garrett County, lumber and timber cut — 86. 
Garrett, John W.— 37. 
Garrett, Eobert — 37. 

George "^s Creek & Cumberland Kail- 
road — 35. 

Georgetown, Md. — 68. 

Georgia — 32. 

Girdletree— 132. 

Girdling trees — 12. 

Glenn, John M.— 38. 

Glenn, Wm. L.— 38. 

Goldsboro— 59, 60. 

Grantsville— 29. 

Grazing— 14, 17, 18. 

Greensboro — 60. 

Green Spring Furnace — 30. 

Green Spring Valley — 51. 

Gum, black— 48, 56, 59, 68, 71, 75, 88, 95, 
104, 107, 116, 119, 128, 131. 

Gum, red— 10, 25, 31, 48, 56, 59, 68, 71, 
75-77, 88, 95, 107, 111, 116, 119, 131. 

Gunpowder Eiver — 51, 87. 

Hagerstown— 23, 32, 33, 35, 124, 125. 
Hagerstown & Frederick Kail way — 35. 
Halethorpe — 29. 
Hampstead — 64. 
Hancock— 11, 124, 125. 
Hardwood, cut of — 25, 135. 
Hardwood and pine in State — 41. 
Hardwoods, mixed, in State — 41, 134. 
Harford County— 21, 24, 30, 41, 67, 87-90, 
134, 135. 

Harford County, lumber and timber 

cut— 90. 
Harford Furnace — 30. 
Harold— 117. 
Havre de Grace — 89. 
Headings— 27, 135. 
Hebron— 128. 
Hemlock— 25, 27, 44, 84. 
Hickory— 44, 51, 56, 59, 63, 68, 71, 80, 88, 

91, 99, 104, 107, 119, 124. 
Highways — 35. 
Hollofield— 38. 
Honduras — 32. 

Howard County— 21, 24, 28, 37-39, 41, 91-93, 
134, 135. 

Howard County, lumber and timber 
cut— 93. 



Hoyes Eun — 29. 
Hurlock— 76, 77. 
Hyattsville— 104. 

Idaho— 32. 
Illinois— 32. 

Improved farm land of State — 11, 24. 
Increment, average annual, per acre in 

State's forests — 33. 
India— 32. 
Indiana — 32. 
Indies, East — 32. 
Indies, West— 32. 
Injudicious cutting — 14. 
Insect injuries — 18, 19. 
Interior finish — 31. 

Jennings Bros. ' Railway — 35. 

Keedysville — 124. 

Kent County— 9, 21, 24, 41, 95-98, 134, 135. 
Kent County, lumber and timber cut — 98. 
Kent Island— 107. 
Kentucky— 32. 
Keymar — 64. 
Kindness Keserve — 37. 

Land area of State — 11, 24. 
Lansdowne — 29. 
Lapidum — 89. 
Lath— 28, 35, 135. 
Lauraville — 52. 
Laurel— 29, 104. 
Leonardtown — 112. 
Leslie— 67, 68. 
Linwood — 64. 

Little Gunpowder River — 51. 
Loch Raven — 39. 

Locust, black— 18, 19, 28, 29, 31, 96, 124. 

Locust Borer — 18. 

Locust Leaf Miner — 18, 19. 

Lonacouing — 44. 

Long Green Valley — 51. 

Louisiana — 32. 

Luke — 44. 

Lumber— 25, 31, 35, 135. 
Lumbering — 12, 13. 

Magothy River — 47. 
Maine — 32. 
Manokin River — 115. 

Maple, red— 48, 56, 59, 71, 75, 88, 95, 104, 
107, 116, 119, 128, 131. 



150 



INDEX. 



Maple, sugar — 10. 29, 30. 4A. 84, 124. 

Marion Sration — 117. 

Markets — 35, 36. 

Mammsco Biver — 115. 

Maryland. Delaware & Tirginia Bail- 
way — 35. 

Maryland, description of — 10. 11. 

Maryland. 1914 Inmber and timber pro- 
duction, by eoimtiee — 135. 
By products — 135. 

Maryland &: Pennsylvania Bailroad — 35. 

Massaelmsetts — 32. 

MangansTille — 124. 

Men employed in wood-nsiiig indus- 
tries — 31. 

Merchantable stands — 42. 

Mexico — 32. 

Michigan — 32. 

Middle Eiver — 51. 

Midland — 44. 

Maes Eiver— 119. 

Minnesota — 32. 

Mississippi — 32. 

Missouri — 32. 

Monoeacy Biver — 79. 

Monongahela Eiver — 83. 

Montgomery Comity— 21. 24. 2S. 41, 99-102, 
134, 135. 

Montgomery County, lumber and timber 

cut— 102. 
Morters — SO. 

Mountain Lake Park — 85. 
Mt. Airy— 64. 
Mt. Savage — 44. 
Muirkirk Pnmaee — 30. 
Municipal Fore-sts — 39. 40. 
Musical instruments — 31. 

Nantieoke Biver— 75. 127. - 

New Hampshire — 32. 

New Jersey — 32. 

New "Windsor — 64. 

New York (City)— 35, 48. 

New York (State) — 32. 

New York. Philadelphia k Norfolk Bail- 

roa-d — 35. 
Norfolk & Western — 35. 
Norris. Bichard C. — 38. 
Norris. BoUin— 38. 
North Carolina — 32. 
North East — 66. 
Northen. Central Bailroad — 35. 



Oak, bl*ck — 44, 51, 68, 71, SO, 88, 99, 100. 

104, 107. 112, 123, 124, 131. 
Oak, chestnut — 27, 44, 80, 84, SS, 95, 104, 

123, 124. 

Oak, pin — 26, 59, 68, 71, 75, 88, 95, 99, 100, , 

104, 107, 112. 
Oak, post — 104. 

Oak, red— 26. 29, 44, 51, 56, 59, 63, 71, 80. 

88, 100, 107, 123, 124. 
Oai, scarlet— 51, 71, SO, S4, 100, 104, 112, 

123. 

Oak, Spanish— 68. 71, 76. 88. 96, 99, 100, 

104, 107, 112, 131. 
Oak, swamp white — 68, 71, 131. 
Oak, water — 59. 

Oak, white— 26, 2S, 29, 31, 44, 51, 56, 59, 63, 
'68, 71, SO, 84, 88, 99, 104, 107, 112, 116, 
123, 124, 131. 

Oak, willow— 59, 68, 71, 75, 76, 95, 104, 107. 
112, 131. 

Ohio— 32. 

Oklahoma — 32. 

Oregon — 32. 

Owner, forest — 9. 34. 

Oxford — 120. 

Parsonsburg — 127. 
Patapsco Eeserve — 37-39. 
Patapsco Beserve. law creating — 145. 
Patapsco Eiver— 38, 39, 51, 91. 
Patuxent Biver — 47, 55, 71, 72, 91, 103, 111. 
Pennsylvania— 32, 33, 42, 51. 67, 79. 83, 87, 
123. 

Peimsylvaiiia, Baltimore & "Washington 

Bailroad— 35. 
Pennsylvania Bailroad — 35, 67. 
Peridennium — 20. 
Perryman — 89. 
Perryville — 67. 
Philadelphia— 35, 48. 
Philippines — 32. 

Piedmont Plateau— 10, 17, 47. 51, 63, 67, 

68. 87. 91. 99. 
Piling— 26. 135. 
Pine Bark Beetle — 18. 
Pine, cut of. in State— 25, 135. 
Pine, loblolly— 10, 26. 31, 56, 59, 75-77, 95, 

107, 112, 116, 119, 127. 131. 
Pine, longleaf — 31. 
Pine, pitch— 31. 44, 48, 104. 
Pine, scrub— 20. 25, 26, 44. 48, 51, 56. 59, 68, 

71, 72. 91, 104, 112. 123. 127. 
Pine, stand of. in State — 41. 134. 



INDEX. 



loi 



Pine, table mountain — 44. 

Pine, white — 10, 28, 44, 84. 
Pinwood— 29, 135. 
PittsviUe— 128. 

Plantations, forest, in. Maryland — 36, 37. 
Pocomoke City — 35, 72, 132. 
Poeomoke Eiver— 103, 111, 115, 131. 
Point Lookout — 38, 111. 
Poles— 28, 31, 135. 

Poplar, tulip— 25, 28, 29, 48, 51, 56, 63, 68, 

71, 80, 88, 91, 99, 100, 104, 112, 123. 
Port Deposit — 68. 
Posts— 28, 31, 135. 

Potomac Eiver— 28, 34, 35, 42, 43, 71, 79, 

83, 99, 103, 125. 
Powellsville— 128. 
Preston — 60. 

Prince George 's County — 9, 21, 24, 25, 30, 
41, 71, 99, 103-106, 134, 135. 

Prince George's County, lumber and tim- 
ber cut — 106. 

Princess Anne — 117. 

Prineipio Furnace — 30, 67. 

Props, mine — 26, 27, 135. 

Pulpwood— 25, 26, 31, 135. 

Quantieo Creek — 127. 
Queen Anne — 108. 

Queen Anne's County — 21, 24, 41, 107-109, 
134, 135. 

Queen Anne's County, lumber and tim- 
ber cut — 109. 

Eailroads — 35. 
Eattan — 31. 
Eefrigerators — 31. 
Eelay— 38. 

Eesourees, forest, of Maryland — 10. 

Ehodesdale — 77. 

Eickmond, Va. — 35. 

Eidgely — 59, 60. 

Eising Sun — 68. 

Eiverdale — 104. 

Eoadside Tree Law — 142-145. 

Eoek HaU- 96. 

Eoeks— 30, 87, 88. 

EockviUe — 99, 100. 

Eosedale — 29. 

Eussia — 32. 

St. Mary's County— 21, 24, 2-5, 41, 111-113, 
134, 135. 



St. Mary's County, lumber and timber 

cut — 113. 
St. Mary's Eiver — 111. 
St. ilichael's— 120. 
Salisbury— 32, 33, 35, 128, 129. 
Salt marsh lands in State — 11. 24, 36, 75, 

115, 116, 127. 
San Domingo — -32. 
Sapling stands — 42. 
Sash, doors, blinds — 31. 
Sassafras Eiver — 95. 
Savage Eiver — 83. 

Sawmills: the first — 13; up-an-i-down — 13; 

circular — 13 ; steam — 13 ; water — 13 ; 

portable — 25, 28, 
Settlements, first, in Maryland — III. 
Severn Eiver — 47. 
Sharp sburg — 124. 
Sharptown — 128. 
Shingles— 13, 28, 31, 135. 
Shipbuilding— 31 
ShoweU— 132. 
Sinepuxent Bay — 131. 
Sirup, maple — 29, 30. 
Skipnish Eeserve — 37, 38. 
Snow HiU— 131, 132. 

Somerset County— 21, 24, 34, 41, 115-118, 

127, 131, 134, 135. 
Somerset County, lumber and timber 

cut— 118. 
South Carolina — 32. 

Southern Maryland — 11. 1-5. 1.?. 21, 25, 27, 

28, 47, 55, 71, 111. 
South Eiver — 47. 
Spruce — 10. 

State College of Agriculture — 36. 
State Forester — 16. 
State Highways — ^35. 
Staves— 27, 28, 135. 
Stockton— 132. 

Stumpage values, early — 12, 13. 
Sudlersville — 108. 
Sugar, maple — 29, 30. 
Susquehanna Eiver — 67, 37. 
SwaUow Falls Eeserve — 37. 
Sycamore — 56. 
SykesviHe— 64. 

Talbot County— 21, 24, 41, 119-121, 134, 
135. 

Talbot County, lumber and timber 

cut— 121 
Taneytown — 64. 



1-52 



INDEX. 



Tamung — 27. 
Teimessee — ^32. 
Texas— 32. 
Hxnmont^ — 80, 81. 
Ties, miae— 28, 31, 135. 
Ties, railroaa— 26, 27, 31, 135. 
Tiin'beT, standing, in State — ^33, 41, 134. 
Towson — 52. 

TTansport-atioa in State — 34, 35. 

Trappe — ^120. 

TTed Axon EiTer — 119. 

Trees, natiTe forest — 20-23. 

Tnekalioe EiTei — 107. 

Tnnis IGIls— 120. 

T-nrie-— ?2. 

TTnibrellas — 31. 

TTnian Bridge — 64. 

Tpper Tails — 52. 

Upper Marlboro — ^104. 

Users, -wood — or manxifaetiiTers — 9, 30-34. 

-^ginia— 32, 34, 131. 

"Wagons — 31. 

Walkersrille — 81. 

Wahmt, blaei— 28, 29, 51, 124. 

IVango — ^128. 

Waahington (City) — 34, 35, 92, 100. 

"WasMngton (State) — 32. 

"WaBMngton, Baltimore & Annapolis 

Sailway — 35. 
Wasiingt.on CSoiinty— 9, 21, 24, 27, 29, 32, 

33, 41, 42, 123-126, 134, 135. 
"Washington CoTmty, limiber and timber 

ent— 126. 
"WasTiiTigton Grove — ^100. 
"WasMngton, Potomac & Cheaapeake 

Bailroad — 35. 



"Waste lands in State — 11, 24, 36, 115.. 
"Waste •CT-Qod in lumbering — 14. 
"Water area of State — 11, 34. 
"Water-R-ays of State— 34, 35. 
"Weets' Law — 16. 

"Western Maryland — 21, 25-28, 33, 35, 79,' 
83. 

"Western Maryland Sailroad — 35, 85. 
"Westminster — 63, 64. 
"Westoxer — 117. 

West Tirginia— 32, 33, 38, 44, 83, 123. 
"WhaleysTiHe — 132. 

Wieomieo Connty— 21, 24, 28, 32, 33, 41, 

117, 127-130, 131, 134, 135. 
"Wieomieo Connty, Inmber and timber 

ent— 130. 
"Wieomieo Eixer — 115, 127. 
WiHards— 128. 
"Williamsburg — 77. 
"Williamsport — 124. 
"Williston — 77. 
"Willow— 56, 104. 
Willow, basket— 29-31, 36. 
Willow gardens, location — 29. 
Wilmington — 35. 
Wisconsin — 32. 
Woodbine — 64. 

Woodland, in Stat^ll, 24, 41. 
WoodsboTO — 81. 

Wood-Usiag Industries of Maryland — 30-35. 
Worcester Comity— 9, 21, 24, 28, 41, 75, 

117, 127, 131-135. 
Woreegtr CSonnty, Inmber and timber cut — 

133. 

Wortliington Talley — 51. 
Wye Biver— 119. 

TongMogheny Eixer — 83. 



